Mineralogical Imaging for Characterization of the Per Geijer Apatite Iron Ores in the Kiruna District, Northern Sweden: A Comparative Study of Mineral Liberation Analysis and Raman Imaging
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geology of the Per Geijer Deposits
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Samples and Preparation
3.2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA)
3.2.1. Measurement Mode and Setup
3.2.2. Mineral Reference List
3.2.3. Online Data Processing
3.2.4. Offline Data Processing
3.3. Raman Spectroscopy and Imaging
3.3.1. Measurement Mode and Setup
3.3.2. Mineral Reference List
3.3.3. Offline Data Processing-Data Preprocessing
3.3.4. Offline Data Processing-Multivariate Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Classification and Imaging
4.2. Discrimination of Magnetite and Hematite
4.3. Modal Mineralogy
4.4. Time Constraints
4.4.1. Measurement Time
4.4.2. Data Processing Time
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Device | MLA GXMAP (f) | MLA GXMAP (s) | Raman |
---|---|---|---|
Sample type Excitation energy | ca. 20 mm × 40 mm ts 25 kV | 20 mm × 40 mm ts 25 kV | 20 mm × 40 mm ts 532 nm, 5–20 mW laser power |
Step size | 36 µm | 12 µm | 30 µm |
Acquisition time | 7 ms | 7 ms | 275 ms/200 ms |
Measurement time | 0.75 h/cm2 | 1.5 h/cm2 | 9 h/cm2 (30 µm Renishaw) 45 h/cm2 (12 µm WITEC) 42 h/mm2 (1 µm WITEC) |
Mineral | MLA GXMAP(s) | MLA GXMAP(f) | Raman |
---|---|---|---|
Magnetite | 35.54 | 33.62 | 34.9 |
Hematite_Ti | 14.62 | 15.59 | 11.6 |
Quartz | 22.02 | 21.60 | 19.5 |
Apatite | 9.78 | 9.38 | 9.0 |
Ankerite | 8.61 | 8.85 | 7.4 |
Calcite | 7.68 | 7.70 | 7.6 |
Hematite | 0.72 | 2.21 | 0.7 |
MLA | Raman Imaging |
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Krolop, P.; Jantschke, A.; Gilbricht, S.; Niiranen, K.; Seifert, T. Mineralogical Imaging for Characterization of the Per Geijer Apatite Iron Ores in the Kiruna District, Northern Sweden: A Comparative Study of Mineral Liberation Analysis and Raman Imaging. Minerals 2019, 9, 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9090544
Krolop P, Jantschke A, Gilbricht S, Niiranen K, Seifert T. Mineralogical Imaging for Characterization of the Per Geijer Apatite Iron Ores in the Kiruna District, Northern Sweden: A Comparative Study of Mineral Liberation Analysis and Raman Imaging. Minerals. 2019; 9(9):544. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9090544
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrolop, Patrick, Anne Jantschke, Sabine Gilbricht, Kari Niiranen, and Thomas Seifert. 2019. "Mineralogical Imaging for Characterization of the Per Geijer Apatite Iron Ores in the Kiruna District, Northern Sweden: A Comparative Study of Mineral Liberation Analysis and Raman Imaging" Minerals 9, no. 9: 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9090544