The Tocantinzinho Paleoproterozoic Porphyry-Style Gold Deposit, Tapajós Mineral Province (Brazil): Geology, Petrology and Fluid Inclusion Evidence for Ore-Forming Processes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Geological and Petrological Characterization of the Tocantinzinho Deposit
3.1. Geological Context of the Tapajos Province
3.2. Local Geology
4. Results
4.1. Petrography
4.2. Lithogeochemistry
4.3. Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization
4.4. Mineralogy and Chemistry of Chlorite
4.5. Mineralogy of Gold and Associated Minerals
4.6. Fluid Inclusions
4.6.1. Petrography and Microthermometric Data
4.6.2. Interpretation of the Fluid Inclusion Data
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lithology | Granite | Rhyolite | Basalt | Microclinized Granite | Phyllic Altered Granite | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samples | 1_24 | 37_24 | 10_48B | 4_48A | 4_48B | 4_57 | 23_24 | 25_24 | 27_24 | 11_24 | 2_57 | 10_48 A | 9_48 | 54_24 | 18_24 | 19_48 | 7_27 | 55_24 |
(% weight) | ||||||||||||||||||
SiO2 | 72.09 | 72.89 | 72.5 | 70.97 | 71.17 | 72.38 | 72.05 | 71.8 | 71.62 | 73.47 | 42.43 | 74.85 | 75.49 | 59.84 | 71.81 | 55.66 | 77.51 | 64.02 |
Al2O3 | 14.04 | 13.24 | 11.33 | 13.67 | 14.02 | 12.97 | 14 | 13.42 | 14.23 | 10.98 | 11.66 | 12.32 | 11.62 | 15.57 | 13.3 | 15.69 | 11.91 | 16.06 |
TiO2 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.11 | 0.51 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.58 | 0.35 | 1.09 | 0.22 | 0.45 |
Fe2O3 | 1.73 | 2.3 | 3.47 | 3.43 | 2.56 | 2.44 | 1.96 | 1.81 | 2.4 | 1.99 | 9.19 | 1.66 | 1.42 | 4.81 | 1.75 | 6.15 | 0.79 | 3.59 |
MnO | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.5 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.07 |
MgO | 0.31 | 0.53 | 0.36 | 1.34 | 1.25 | 0.44 | 0.35 | 0.4 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 7.46 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 1.62 | 0.34 | 5.53 | 0.48 | 1.23 |
CaO | 0.92 | 0.49 | 1.51 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.8 | 0.64 | 1.46 | 0.39 | 1.95 | 12.06 | 0.77 | 1.15 | 4.38 | 3.55 | 3.47 | 0.16 | 2.93 |
Na2O | 3.87 | 3.46 | 2.92 | 2.72 | 2.96 | 3.1 | 3.43 | 3.23 | 2.57 | 2.47 | 0.02 | 3.27 | 3.05 | 4.95 | 3.55 | 5.47 | 3.62 | 4.57 |
K2O | 5.33 | 5.01 | 4.49 | 4.65 | 4.88 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.17 | 5.89 | 5.35 | 1.72 | 4.98 | 4.93 | 3.09 | 5.15 | 0.98 | 4.38 | 3.96 |
P2O5 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.1 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.19 |
LOI | 1.2 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2 | 1.5 | 2 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 13.8 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 4.4 | 2 | 5.2 | 0.7 | 2.6 |
Total | 99.83 | 99.69 | 99.74 | 99.66 | 99.69 | 99.75 | 99.79 | 99.75 | 99.74 | 99.82 | 99.57 | 99.83 | 99.77 | 99.61 | 101.95 | 99.74 | 99.85 | 99.67 |
(ppm) | ||||||||||||||||||
Ba | 600 | 741 | 421 | 622 | 637 | 565 | 678 | 638 | 712 | 248 | 216 | 502 | 476 | 1106 | 703 | 144 | 337 | 1298 |
Sr | 111.8 | 108.5 | 94.1 | 117.5 | 123.4 | 92.1 | 131.9 | 158.4 | 98.3 | 90.9 | 602.2 | 93.9 | 91.4 | 638 | 141 | 130.1 | 66.1 | 714.5 |
Rb | 199.9 | 160 | 139.9 | 1667.4 | 171.2 | 169.9 | 179.1 | 181.1 | 227.9 | 156.7 | 142 | 147.7 | 150.5 | 124 | 166.9 | 20.9 | 131.4 | 122.8 |
Zr | 226.4 | 209.4 | 189.2 | 230.6 | 289.4 | 144.5 | 268.5 | 232.4 | 233.8 | 78.2 | 94.9 | 181.4 | 185.6 | 156.4 | 256.4 | 226.7 | 143.1 | 178.4 |
Y | 36.2 | 26.6 | 31.3 | 42.2 | 49.3 | 29 | 38.3 | 40.9 | 36.6 | 15.7 | 16.8 | 35.9 | 34.1 | 13.7 | 34.4 | 18.3 | 14.4 | 13.6 |
Nb | 14.3 | 12.7 | 13.5 | 19.6 | 21.4 | 11.3 | 15.3 | 15.2 | 15.2 | 10.4 | 6.4 | 13.2 | 12.5 | 8.5 | 15.8 | 21.2 | 9.3 | 11.9 |
Ga | 15.7 | 14.4 | 11.9 | 18.9 | 17.7 | 14.7 | 15.7 | 15.3 | 18.1 | 12 | 24.1 | 12.6 | 12.3 | 17 | 15 | 20.1 | 12.7 | 18.7 |
Th | 21.8 | 13.6 | 16.7 | 14.8 | 22.8 | 10.5 | 13.2 | 16.9 | 14.8 | 20.8 | 3.4 | 18.3 | 18.2 | 6.5 | 17.7 | 8.1 | 20.9 | 9.8 |
W | 178.4 | 123.2 | 202.6 | 108.7 | 94.1 | 251.7 | 126.2 | 123.9 | 68.2 | 231.4 | 28 | 130 | 220.3 | 67.2 | 86.6 | 90 | 99.4 | 105.2 |
Cs | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 2 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 1.9 |
Hf | 6.4 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 7.5 | 9.6 | 4.7 | 8.1 | 7 | 7.1 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 7.5 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 5 |
Ta | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
U | 3 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 4.2 | 6.6 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 3.3 | 4.9 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 3.8 |
V | 9 | 12 | 10 | 41 | 34 | 21 | 14 | 14 | 18 | <8 | 113 | 10 | 11 | 74 | 12 | 66 | 12 | 43 |
Ag | <0.1 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.1 | <0.1 | 0.4 | <0.1 | <0.1 | 8.5 | 0.2 | <0.1 | 0.2 |
As | 0.8 | 10.3 | 3.8 | 6 | 3.8 | 8.9 | 13.4 | 7.8 | 13.2 | 3.2 | 2 | 6 | 2.7 | 1 | 5.6 | 0.7 | <0.5 | 0.7 |
Bi | <0.1 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.7 | <0.1 | 1.1 | 22.7 | 1.3 | 0.3 |
Cd | <0.1 | 0.6 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.2 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | 11.3 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 |
Cu | 5 | 367 | 87.3 | 22.9 | 12.5 | 18.4 | 6.7 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 1.7 | 57.1 | 25.1 | 6.1 | 812.5 | 30.4 | 1.9 | 23.8 |
Hg | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.1 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.04 | <0.01 |
Mo | 1.1 | 3 | 0.9 | 3 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 3.6 | 0.7 | 3 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
Ni | 6.8 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 29.3 | 13.6 | 6.9 | 1 | 3.5 | 8.5 | 2.9 | 75.1 | 1.4 | 2 | 5.9 | 8.5 | 17.8 | 0.6 | 6.9 |
Pb | 8.3 | 142.6 | 11.6 | 95.6 | 274.7 | 67.7 | 22.7 | 35 | 20.8 | 43.4 | 13.3 | 16 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 450.6 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 30.9 |
Sb | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 |
Se | <0.5 | 0.8 | 0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | 0.6 | 0.9 | <0.5 | 0.9 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | 0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 |
Tl | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 |
Zn | 25 | 102 | 24 | 15 | 24 | 21 | 24 | 26 | 22 | 21 | 155 | 15 | 18 | 75 | 844 | 196 | 22 | 54 |
La | 52.8 | 45.6 | 42.3 | 53.8 | 65.1 | 42.3 | 56 | 57.4 | 60.5 | 30.7 | 15.8 | 39.4 | 40.8 | 32.2 | 52.9 | 45 | 16 | 36.3 |
Ce | 120.3 | 107.4 | 97.5 | 121.1 | 145.8 | 93 | 131.8 | 133.1 | 136.8 | 60.2 | 38.8 | 93.5 | 95 | 72 | 121.9 | 100.6 | 54 | 77.4 |
Pr | 12.5 | 11.88 | 11.12 | 14.44 | 17.4 | 11.27 | 14.75 | 14.72 | 14.79 | 6.13 | 4.33 | 10.86 | 11.11 | 7.71 | 13.75 | 11.62 | 3.95 | 7.9 |
Nd | 45.7 | 43.7 | 40.5 | 55.1 | 66.1 | 41.5 | 54.4 | 54.2 | 56.1 | 6.13 | 17.7 | 41.1 | 40.3 | 28.8 | 52.5 | 45.2 | 14.2 | 28.1 |
Sm | 8.3 | 7.81 | 7.21 | 9.8 | 11.18 | 7.15 | 9.88 | 25_24 | 9.81 | 3.21 | 3.66 | 7.56 | 7.28 | 4.85 | 8.78 | 7.55 | 2.83 | 4.53 |
Eu | 0.98 | 0.89 | 0.81 | 1.14 | 1.26 | 0.81 | 1.09 | 71.8 | 1.14 | 0.49 | 1.13 | 0.79 | 0.76 | 1.19 | 1.08 | 1.05 | 0.49 | 0.99 |
Gd | 6.82 | 6.21 | 6.08 | 7.75 | 8.96 | 5.46 | 8.11 | 13.42 | 7.85 | 2.79 | 3.41 | 6.53 | 6.11 | 3.73 | 7.41 | 5.01 | 2.42 | 3.46 |
Tb | 1.15 | 0.95 | 1.02 | 1.28 | 1.46 | 0.91 | 1.28 | 0.32 | 1.25 | 0.44 | 0.56 | 1.14 | 1 | 0.6 | 1.14 | 0.61 | 0.38 | 0.45 |
Dy | 6.81 | 4.9 | 5.65 | 6.88 | 7.69 | 4.77 | 7.16 | 1.81 | 6.93 | 2.52 | 3.16 | 6.43 | 5.6 | 2.73 | 6.53 | 3.17 | 1.97 | 1.9 |
Ho | 1.28 | 1.03 | 1.12 | 1.46 | 1.7 | 1.02 | 1.44 | 0.06 | 1.39 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 1.3 | 1.17 | 0.53 | 1.3 | 0.59 | 0.41 | 0.48 |
Er | 3.63 | 2.98 | 3.24 | 4.32 | 4.92 | 2.88 | 4.1 | 0.4 | 3.98 | 1.7 | 1.76 | 3.72 | 3.4 | 1.45 | 3.84 | 1.84 | 1.12 | 1.5 |
Tm | 0.58 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.68 | 0.76 | 0.44 | 0.65 | 1.46 | 0.61 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.57 | 0.54 | 0.22 | 0.58 | 0.34 | 0.18 | 0.25 |
Yb | 3.47 | 2.7 | 2.93 | 4.4 | 4.86 | 2.72 | 3.87 | 3.23 | 3.69 | 1.9 | 1.76 | 3.28 | 1 | 1.43 | 3.47 | 2.36 | 1.26 | 1.69 |
Lu | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.62 | 0.72 | 0.38 | 0.55 | 5.17 | 0.52 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.23 | 0.52 | 0.42 | 0.19 | 0.28 |
(ppb) | ||||||||||||||||||
Au | 3.3 | 13,033.7 | 4774.8 | 2061.3 | 306.5 | 2722.2 | 771.8 | 0.08 | 474.1 | 3239.1 | 4282 | 489.9 | 86.9 | 4.1 | 38,133 | 18.7 | <0.5 | 19.9 |
Sample | 1_24 (1) | 54_24 (3) | 54_24 (5) | 54_24 (5) | 54_24 (2-3) | 54_24 (6) | 1_24 (7) | 2_57 (1) | 2_57 (1-1) | 2_57 (1-2) | 4_48A (2) | 1_24 (3) | 2_57 (3) | 4_48A (3) | 4_48A (3) | 4_48A (4-3) | 4_48A (4-4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chl1 | Chl2 | Chl3 | |||||||||||||||
SiO2 | 27.011 | 27.352 | 27.19 | 27.19 | 27.352 | 25.48 | 27.222 | 25.165 | 26.121 | 25.616 | 25.108 | 26.919 | 26.112 | 26.416 | 26.416 | 23.351 | 25.542 |
TiO2 | 0.096 | 0.35 | 0.579 | 0.579 | 0.35 | 0 | 0.084 | 0.12 | 0.121 | 0 | 0.083 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.059 |
Al2O3 | 18.716 | 18.744 | 18.373 | 18.373 | 18.744 | 19.61 | 19.253 | 19.647 | 20.531 | 19.52 | 20.333 | 18.656 | 19.785 | 21.777 | 21.777 | 18.701 | 20.483 |
FeO | 23.271 | 24.696 | 24.634 | 24.634 | 24.696 | 27.973 | 21.761 | 23.244 | 23.69 | 25.1 | 31.515 | 22.465 | 23.738 | 30.536 | 30.536 | 30.733 | 29.922 |
MnO | 1.404 | 0.371 | 0.387 | 0.387 | 0.371 | 0.408 | 1.44 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.407 | 0.419 | 1.471 | 0.402 | 0.467 | 0.467 | 0.463 | 0.405 |
MgO | 16.535 | 16.011 | 16.564 | 16.564 | 16.011 | 14.014 | 15.061 | 16.155 | 16.529 | 16.276 | 10.34 | 16.248 | 17.027 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 11.051 | 11.273 |
CaO | 0.054 | 0.242 | 0.398 | 0.398 | 0.242 | 0.107 | 0.143 | 0.016 | 0.027 | 0.026 | 0 | 0.048 | 0.029 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.057 | 0.03 |
BaO | 0 | 0.017 | 0 | 0 | 0.017 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.026 | 0.016 | 0.021 | 0 | 0 | 0.098 | 0.009 |
Na2O | 0.051 | 0 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0 | 0.025 | 0.024 | 0.007 | 0 | 0.008 | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.045 | 0.024 |
K2O | 0.002 | 0 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.008 | 0.041 | 0 | 0.022 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.05 | 0.001 |
Cl | 0.013 | 0.028 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.028 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.008 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.012 |
F | 0.285 | 0.254 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.254 | 0.001 | 0.181 | 0.057 | 0.082 | 0.228 | 0 | 0.186 | 0.073 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.028 | 0.103 |
Total | 87.438 | 88.065 | 88.563 | 88.563 | 88.065 | 87.708 | 85.169 | 84.849 | 87.582 | 87.189 | 87.846 | 86.058 | 87.201 | 89.632 | 89.632 | 84.577 | 87.863 |
Formula based on 28 oxygen atoms | |||||||||||||||||
Si | 5.681 | 5.720 | 5.664 | 5.664 | 5.720 | 5.469 | 5.821 | 5.4516 | 5.4691 | 5.4443 | 5.4737 | 5.7327 | 5.4993 | 5.5967 | 5.5697 | 5.3352 | 5.5103 |
Al IV | 2.318 | 2.280 | 2.336 | 2.336 | 2.280 | 2.530 | 2.179 | 2.548 | 2.531 | 2.556 | 2.526 | 2.267 | 2.501 | 2.430 | 2.430 | 2.665 | 2.490 |
Site T | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8.027 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Al VI | 2.321 | 2.339 | 2.175 | 2.175 | 2.339 | 2.431 | 2.673 | 2.468 | 2.535 | 2.334 | 2.698 | 2.415 | 2.410 | 2.981 | 2.981 | 2.371 | 2.718 |
Fe | 3.227 | 3.404 | 3.387 | 3.387 | 0.458 | 3.421 | 3.064 | 3.310 | 3.262 | 3.515 | 4.514 | 3.151 | 3.288 | 4.231 | 4.231 | 4.616 | 4.247 |
Mg | 4.088 | 3.934 | 4.060 | 4.060 | 0.529 | 4.010 | 3.781 | 4.101 | 4.058 | 4.064 | 2.640 | 4.062 | 4.204 | 2.568 | 2.568 | 2.958 | 2.852 |
Mn | 0.026 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.029 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.028 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.081 |
Ti | 0.002 | 0.055 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.009 |
Ca | 0.010 | 0.0542 | 0.088 | 0.088 | 0.054 | 0.025 | 0.033 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.014 | 0.007 |
Na | 0.021 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.012 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.011 | 0.010 |
K | 0.0005 | 0 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0 |
Site O | 9.695 | 9.794 | 9.742 | 9.742 | 3.394 | 9.904 | 9.592 | 9.898 | 9.883 | 9.929 | 9.868 | 9.682 | 9.918 | 9.799 | 9.799 | 10.003 | 9.926 |
Cations | 17.695 | 17.794 | 17.742 | 17.742 | 11.394 | 17.904 | 17.592 | 17.898 | 17.883 | 17.929 | 17.868 | 17.682 | 17.919 | 17.826 | 17.799 | 18.003 | 17.926 |
Fe/Fe + Mg | 0.441 | 0.442 | 0.455 | 0.455 | 0.464 | 0.415 | 0.548 | 0.547 | 0.546 | 0.564 | 0.631 | 0.437 | 0.539 | 0.622 | 0.622 | 0.539 | 0.590 |
Al Total | 4.639 | 4.612 | 4.511 | 4.511 | 4.620 | 4.961 | 4.852 | 5.016 | 5.066 | 4.889 | 5.224 | 4.682 | 4.912 | 5.411 | 5.411 | 5.036 | 5.208 |
T °C | 311 | 305 | 314 | 314 | 309 | 345 | 288 | 348 | 346 | 350 | 323 | 303 | 341 | 329 | 329 | 329 | 312 |
Pyrite | As | S | Bi | Ag | Te | Pb | Au | Fe | Cu | Zn | Ni | Total |
8-57_C2 | 0 | 52.92 | 0.208 | 0 | 0.043 | 0.15 | 0.056 | 46.59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 99.967 |
8-57_C1 | 0 | 53.107 | 0.123 | 0.024 | 0 | 0.109 | 0.052 | 46.611 | 0.084 | 0 | 0.001 | 100.111 |
8-57_C3 | 0 | 53.73 | 0.141 | 0.018 | 0.036 | 0.103 | 0.089 | 47.371 | 0 | 0.094 | 0 | 101.582 |
18-24 | 0 | 53.354 | 0.086 | 0 | 0.051 | 0.073 | 0 | 46.798 | 0.258 | 0 | 0 | 100.62 |
Sphalerite | As | S | Bi | Ag | Te | Pb | Au | Fe | Cu | Zn | Ni | Total |
18-24 | 0 | 33.584 | 0.156 | 0.012 | 0.023 | 0.068 | 0.033 | 7.367 | 8.576 | 49.426 | 0.090 | 99.335 |
18-24 | 0.01 | 33.259 | 0.051 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0.74 | 0.583 | 64.563 | 0 | 99.207 |
18-24 | 0.017 | 33.004 | 0.130 | 0.008 | 0.030 | 0 | 0 | 0.874 | 0.444 | 64.344 | 0.038 | 98.889 |
S18-24 | 0 | 32.820 | 0.096 | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0.131 | 0 | 64.816 | 0.032 | 97.925 |
Galena | As | S | Bi | Ag | Te | Pb | Au | Fe | Cu | Zn | Ni | Total |
18-24 | 0 | 13.386 | 0.327 | 0 | 0.051 | 85.417 | 0 | 0.037 | 0.024 | 0.063 | 0.147 | 99.452 |
18-24 | 0 | 13.401 | 0.366 | 0 | 0.091 | 85.345 | 0 | 0.039 | 0.109 | 0.11 | 0.108 | 99.569 |
18-24 | 0 | 13.278 | 0.352 | 0 | 0.11 | 85.065 | 0 | 0.048 | 0.035 | 0 | 0.019 | 98.907 |
S18-24 | 0 | 13.341 | 0.376 | 0.033 | 0 | 84.135 | 0 | 0 | 0.116 | 0 | 0 | 98.001 |
S18-24 | 0 | 13.402 | 0.465 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 84.290 | 0 | 0.015 | 0 | 0 | 0.032 | 98.274 |
S18-24 | 0 | 13.433 | 0.265 | 0 | 0.065 | 85.344 | 0 | 0.014 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 99.121 |
S18-24 | 0 | 13.388 | 0.347 | 0 | 0.046 | 83.532 | 0 | 1.184 | 0 | 0 | 0.055 | 98.552 |
S18-24 | 0 | 13.473 | 0.36 | 0 | 0.034 | 84.426 | 0 | 0.934 | 0 | 0 | 0.116 | 99.343 |
S18-24 | 0 | 13.439 | 0.437 | 0 | 0.044 | 84.126 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.606 | 0.04 | 98.712 |
Altaite (PbTe) | As | S | Bi | Ag | Te | Pb | Au | Fe | Cu | Zn | Ni | Total |
S18-24 | 0 | 0.072 | 0.578 | 0.07 | 37.101 | 58.711 | 0 | 0.975 | 0.242 | 0 | 0.046 | 97.795 |
Au Free | Au Includes | Au Fractures | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qtz | Qtz | Qtz | Py | Py | Py | Py | Sp | Sp | Sp | Sp | Py | Py | Sp | Sp | Sp | Sp | |
Samples No. | 8-57_C3_Au 5 | 8-57_C2_Au 1 | 8-57_C2_Au 2 | 8-57_C2_Au 3 | S18-24_Au 6 | S18-24_Au 5 | S18-24_Au 12 | S18-24_Au 4 | S18-24_Au 9 | S18-24_Au 10 | S18-24_Au 11 | 8-57_C3_Au 6 | 18-24_Au 1 | S18-24_Au 1 | S18-24_Au 2 | S18-24_Au 3 | S18-24_Au 8 |
As | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.004 | 0 | 0.013 | 0 | 0.037 | 0.023 | 0 | 0.012 | 0.027 |
S | 0.115 | 0.06 | 0.086 | 0.137 | 0.032 | 0.06 | 0.064 | 0.033 | 0.063 | 12.116 | 0.05 | 20.238 | 4.079 | 0.027 | 0.005 | 0 | 0.056 |
Bi | 0.522 | 0.527 | 0.385 | 0.296 | 0.252 | 0.491 | 0.297 | 0.447 | 0.399 | 0.276 | 0.425 | 0.242 | 0.324 | 0.519 | 0.294 | 0.548 | 0.36 |
Ag | 8.359 | 9.665 | 8.337 | 8.633 | 11.249 | 10.678 | 11.499 | 9.151 | 12.743 | 7.184 | 11.961 | 5.128 | 8.999 | 8.501 | 6.548 | 11.134 | 12.316 |
Te | 0.051 | 0.014 | 0 | 0.077 | 0.063 | 0.019 | 0.032 | 0.061 | 0.045 | 0.147 | 0.052 | 0.002 | 0.029 | 0.072 | 0.018 | 0.001 | 0.041 |
Pb | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22.075 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.14 |
Au | 90.964 | 90.302 | 91.831 | 90.46 | 88.816 | 89.603 | 86.918 | 91.271 | 82.31 | 51.969 | 86.863 | 62.811 | 81.1 | 90.106 | 94.744 | 87.588 | 86.222 |
Fe | 0.519 | 0.068 | 0.079 | 0.212 | 0.729 | 0.539 | 0.253 | 0 | 0.69 | 9.019 | 0.003 | 16.094 | 4.688 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.014 | 0.734 |
Cu | 0 | 0.053 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.059 | 0 | 0.683 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.262 | 0 | 0 |
Zn | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.392 | 0 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ni | 0.093 | 0 | 0 | 0.084 | 0 | 0.004 | 0 | 0.027 | 0 | 0.049 | 0 | 0.083 | 0.032 | 0.048 | 0 | 0 | 0.102 |
Total | 100.623 | 100.689 | 100.718 | 99.899 | 101.141 | 101.394 | 99.063 | 101.049 | 96.254 | 103.518 | 99.759 | 104.598 | 99.348 | 99.336 | 101.871 | 99.297 | 99.998 |
Inclusion Type | Quartz Type/Occurrence | Hydrothermal Alteration | Petrographic Features | Microthermometric Data | System Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type I | Qtz2 | Phyllic alteration. | Primary inclusions of rare occurrence; biphasic; round or oval; dark; 8 to 16 µm; F = 0.50 to 0.60. | Tm(ice) of −11.2 °C to −2.5°C, with a primary range of −4.7 ° C to −2.5 °C; Th(t) of 303.7 °C to 432.6 °C; salinity from 4.18 to 15.17 wt% NaCl equiv., density of 0.43 to 0.84 g/cm3. | H2O–NaCl |
Type II | Qtz1 Qtz2 | Phyllic alteration; microclinization stage. | Primary; biphasic; ellipsoidal and rounded; dark; 8 to 14 µm; F = 0.70 to 0.80. | Tm(ice) from −11.9 °C to −1.2 °C, with primary interval occurring between −5.5 °C to −1.2 °C; Th(t) 280.0 to 425.8 °C; salinity from 3.54 to 20.14 wt% NaCl eq.; density between 0.32 and 0.90 g/cm3. | H2O–NaCl |
Type III | Qtz1 Qtz2 | Microclinization stage; phyllic alteration. | Primary; biphasic; colorless; ellipsoidal and rounded; ranges between 6 and 10 µm; F = 0.80 to 0.90. | Tm(ice) of −5.9 °C to −1.5 °C; Th(t) of 203.2 °C to 369.5 °C; salinity from 1.22 to 8.27 wt% NaCl eq.; density between 0.61 and 0.94 g/cm3. | H2O–NaCl |
Type IV | Qtz1 Qtz2 | Phyllic alteration; microclinization stage. | Secondary; biphasic; rounded the misshapen; colorless; oscillate between 3 and 10 µm; F = 0.85 to 0.95. | Tm(ice) −3.5 °C to −0.1 °C, while fashion presents value of −1.1 °C; Th(t) of 100.3 °C to 290.9 °C; salinity between 0.17 and 5.10 wt% NaCl eq.; density between 0.72 and 0.96 g/cm3. | H2O–NaCl |
Type V | Qtz1 Qtz2 | All assemblages. | Dark; shapeless and rarely rounded; oscillate between 8 to 30 µm. | - | H2O–NaCl |
Parameters | Tocantinzinho Deposit | Deposits Type Au Porphyry | Rirgs Deposits |
---|---|---|---|
Tectonic environment | Magmatic arc | Vulcano-plutonic arcs | Weak post-collisional extension behind continental margin |
Intrusion age | 1982 ± 8 | Variable; predominantly Mesozoic and Cenozoic | Predominantly Phanerozoic. Archean and Proterozoic age controversial |
Host rock composition | Granite with monzogranitic composition; calc-alkaline; I type; oxidized granite, magnetite series. | Calc-alkaline; I type; oxidized granite, magnetite series. | Reduced felsic plutons, ilmenite series of varied composition; I, S and A types. |
Association of hydrothermal alteration mineralized | Phyllic alteration, K-feldspar alteration (microclinization). | Magnetite associated; phyllic alteration | Mostly sericite-calcite; restricted; absence of extensive hydrothermal alteration halos. |
Mineralization type | Disseminated; in veinlets and fractures (stockwork). | Disseminated; stockwork; fractures controlled. | Preferably swarms of quartz veins at the top of small plutons. Stockworks absence. |
Main metal | Au | Au-(Cu) | Au-Bi-Te-W |
Key sulfides associated | Pyrite | Pyrite-(chalcopyrite; bornite). | pyrrhotite; arsenopyrite |
Mineralizing fluid | H2O–NaCl fluid system resulting from mixture of magmatic with meteoric water. Temperature of mineralizing fluid (289 °C to 382 °C). Inclusions that to homogenize to the vapor and to liquid. Presence of boiling. | Initially hot (>500 °C to 600 °C) and dominated by magmatic fluid and hypersaline (30–60 wt% NaCl eq.). It is common boiling and mixing with meteoric water. | Predominance of low salinity fluids and aqueous-carbonic, with high concentrations of CO2. They may contain CH4 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Lopes, A.A.C.; Moura, M.A. The Tocantinzinho Paleoproterozoic Porphyry-Style Gold Deposit, Tapajós Mineral Province (Brazil): Geology, Petrology and Fluid Inclusion Evidence for Ore-Forming Processes. Minerals 2019, 9, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9010029
Lopes AAC, Moura MA. The Tocantinzinho Paleoproterozoic Porphyry-Style Gold Deposit, Tapajós Mineral Province (Brazil): Geology, Petrology and Fluid Inclusion Evidence for Ore-Forming Processes. Minerals. 2019; 9(1):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9010029
Chicago/Turabian StyleLopes, Adriana Araújo Castro, and Márcia Abrahão Moura. 2019. "The Tocantinzinho Paleoproterozoic Porphyry-Style Gold Deposit, Tapajós Mineral Province (Brazil): Geology, Petrology and Fluid Inclusion Evidence for Ore-Forming Processes" Minerals 9, no. 1: 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9010029