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Review

A Bibliometric Analysis of Fluorite Resource Utilization Technology: Global and Chinese Development in the Past 25 Years

by
Zhengbo Gao
1,*,
Chenxu Zhang
2 and
Belinda McFadzean
3
1
School of Marxism, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
2
School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
3
Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Minerals 2025, 15(7), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15070679
Submission received: 27 May 2025 / Accepted: 10 June 2025 / Published: 24 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 7th International Conference of Young Scholars in Mineral Processing)
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Abstract

Due to the rise in emerging strategic industries and the widespread application of new and improved technology, the global demand for strategic mineral resources has rapidly increased. Among these, fluorite is one of the most crucial strategic mineral resources in the world. However, so far, there are few comprehensive reviews of the progress in technology supporting the utilization of fluorite resources. In this work, the Bibliometrix package (version 4.5.0), VOSviewer (version 1.6.20), CiteSpace (version 6.4.R1), and the Web of Science Core Collection database were employed, and 2472 publications related to fluorite resource utilization technology (published from 1999 to 2024) were studied via a detailed analysis of the following four aspects: 1. the characteristics of the publications; 2. journal distribution, co-cited journals, and co-cited references; 3. active countries, institutions, and authors; and 4. popular research topics, including theme evolution, keyword co-occurance, and keyword burst analysis. In this work, an outline of the research and progress in fluorite resource utilization technology over the past 25 years is presented, which supports systematic evaluations of the trends in science and technology in related fields and contributes to the development of technology enabling the utilization of fluorite resources.

1. Introduction

The critical role of strategic mineral resources in driving scientific and technological advances has become increasingly prominent in recent years [1,2]. Because of the geospatial disparity in their distribution and increased supply chain vulnerabilities, these strategic mineral resources significantly impact national security, economic stability, and international competitiveness [3,4,5]. Fluorite (CaF2), recognized as the most fluoridated mineral in nature, is the principal source of global fluorine resources. It has been classified as a strategic mineral by several countries and regions, including China, the United States, Japan, the European Union, and other countries and regions [6]. Designated as a nationally strategic mineral resource, fluorite is frequently termed the “second rare earth” [7].
As a multifunctional industrial mineral, fluorite demonstrates indispensable applications across diverse sectors, including the optical industry, ceramic industry, metallurgical industry, architectural material industry, electronic industry, agricultural field, environmental protection field, medical field, and military industry [8]. Although the demand for fluorite in traditional industries (building materials, metallurgy, and others) has peaked and stabilized, the demand for fluorite in strategic emerging industries (new energy, new materials, and others) has shown rapid growth. Statistical analyses indicate a 38.7% increase in global fluorite consumption over the past decade, increasing from 6.85 million tons in 2014 to over 9.5 million tons in 2024. To systematically elucidate fluorite’s industrial value chain, Figure 1 quantitatively delineates the distribution of its application and presents a flow diagram of the fluorine chemical industry’s progress, incorporating recent technological advancements [9,10,11,12].
Table 1 shows the fluorite production of major producers worldwide from 2015 to 2024 [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. In the analysis of fluorite resource production, developing countries such as China, Mexico, South Africa, Vietnam, and Mongolia were revealed to be the main suppliers of fluorite resources worldwide. Notably, fluorite mine production in China is about 5.9 million tons, accounting for 62.11% of global fluorite production in 2024, which proves that China has become the world’s largest fluorite producer. At the same time, China is also the world’s largest fluorite consumer. With the accelerated pace of industrial transformation and improvements in automotives, electronics, the light industry, new energy, environmental protection, aerospace, and other related industries, there is an urgent need for high-performance fluoropolymers, new refrigerants, and fluorine-containing fine chemicals, which implies that there is still significant development potential for the fluorine industry in China [23,24,25]. Consequently, a systematic analysis of China’s fluorite production dynamics and industrial policy framework remains critical for understanding global fluorine supply chain resilience.
Technology for the utilization of fluorite resources determines the global production of fluorite and fluorine chemicals. Generally, mining, processing, and metallurgy technologies contribute most to fluorite resource utilization technology, which has uses throughout the whole production chain, ranging from applications in fluorite-containing ore to the final product [26,27]. The fluorite mining stage primarily focuses on locating deposits with CaF2 > 20% and pre-enriching them to 40%–60% to ensure the full exploitation of economic resources and reduce subsequent processing loads. The fluorite processing stage aims to obtain CaF2 concentrate, with the main technical paths including crushing, gravity concentration, classification, and flotation. The fluorite metallurgy stage targets the production of hydrogen fluoride or other fluorides, with the main technical paths including the pretreatment of raw materials, high-temperature acid hydrolysis, fluorinated product collection and by-product utilization [28,29]. Fluorite resource utilization technology can involve the use of a semiconductor etching agent and a lithium battery electrolyte (LiPF6), as well as fluoropolymer (PTFE) manufacturing. It also increases the value transition of fluorite ore (400–530 USD/t) to hydrofluoric acid (500–1500 USD/t) and further increases product value 1800–5000 USD/t [30,31]. Comprehensive reviews of fluorite resource utilization technology help to systematically evaluate development trends in related fields and guide improvements in global fluorite production capacities. While the existing literature has reviewed fluorite’s technical development in mining, flotation, and metallurgy [32,33,34,35], research progress, hotspots, and development trends in this field have not yet been intuitively and comprehensively analyzed from a macro perspective.
Bibliometrics is a highly effective approach for searching, excavating, analyzing, and summarizing potential patterns in large-scale datasets. By employing mathematical statistics, it offers a macro-perspective analysis of published literature. This enables it to reveal the evolution of specific research topics, and provides insights into the characteristics, focus, and trends within a research field. In turn, this serves as a valuable reference for future research directions [36,37]. Major academic databases, including Scopus and Web of Science (WoS), have incorporated specialized research analysis modules. These modules assist scholars in swiftly summarizing key information such as the publication outputs, citation counts, research hotspots, and collaboration patterns [38,39]. Specialized visualization tools, like Citespace, Bibliometrix, and VOSviewer, have gained remarkable attention and wide application across various disciplines. This is mainly due to their unique capabilities in burst detection and temporal analysis, as well as their outstanding performance in uncovering future research trends [40,41,42,43,44]. Bibliometric methods are efficiently applied to identify key elements in fluorite resource utilization technology research, such as leading countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, key research directions, and the evolutionary path of critical technologies. Therefore, this study aims to (1) use three bibliometric software programs to conduct a visual and comprehensive analysis of keyword clustering, authors, countries, journal citations, and references from 2472 retrieved articles; (2) summarize and review the most popular fluorite exploitation and utilization technologies, highlighting their advantages and challenges; and (3) predict the future trajectory of fluorite development and utilization technology research.

2. Data Sources and Methods

2.1. Data Source and Retrieval

The literature for this study was sourced from Clarivate’s Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database, with the retrieval date set to 4 February 2025. Given the high usage rate of the terms “fluorite” and “fluorspar” in English and the need to exclude content related to “fluorite structure”, we employed the search string [TS = (fluorite mining or fluorspar mining) OR TS = (fluorite processing or fluorspar processing) OR TS = (fluorite metallurgy or fluorspar metallurgy) NOT TS = (fluorite structure or fluorite-structure or “fluorite-”)] during the data collection process. According to the search results, the first article in the database was published in 1999, as indicated in [45,46,47,48], so the search period was set from January 1999 to December 2024. The document type was refined to “ALL”. After removing duplicates and filtering out literature unrelated to the search topic, as well as low-quality articles, such as those lacking citation information or published in non-peer-reviewed sources [49], a total of 2472 articles were obtained, as shown in Table S1. Literature screening for China was redefined by setting the Countries/Regions to “PEOPLES R CHINA”, and a total of 794 articles were obtained. The literature was selected and downloaded in the “Full Record and Cited References” format, then saved as plain text files to facilitate subsequent bibliometric analysis.

2.2. Data Processing and Graphing

This research employed three analysis tools to systematically process and visualize the massive amount of literature on fluorite resource utilization technology from the past 25 years: (1) Bibliometrix, (2) VOSviewer, and (3) CiteSpace. Bibliometrix, an R-based statistical package, was used to conduct quantitative analyses. Its comprehensive descriptive statistical functions enabled a systematic evaluation of publication metrics, including total number of publications, citation counts, research categories, and leading contributors [50,51]. As Java-based visualization platforms, both VOSviewer and CiteSpace were applied for network analysis and knowledge mapping. VOSviewer specializes in constructing collaborative networks. It reveals disciplinary structures and evolutionary patterns through distance-based visualization [52]. In contrast, CiteSpace focuses on detecting emerging trends and research frontiers through temporal pattern analysis of citation networks [53,54].
In this study, the Bibliometrix package (version 4.5.0) was used to analyze the characteristics of publications, the contributions of different countries, and the evolution of research themes in fluorite resource utilization technology. VOSviewer (version 1.6.20) was employed to identify major institutions and their cooperative relationships. Research progress and hotspots were analyzed by mapping the co-occurrence of keywords. Additionally, CiteSpace (version 6.4.R1) was utilized to conduct structural and temporal analyses. This included establishing various networks, such as co-cited author, co-cited journal, and co-cited reference networks. Furthermore, CiteSpace created a burst detection map of keywords to analyze the annual evolution trends of research hotspots [55,56,57].

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Characteristics of Publications

The number of publications, annual growth rate, citation counts, publication types, and research categories collectively reflect the research output, quality level, and academic value of the field. They also indicate the scale of knowledge output, methodological maturity, and core competitiveness [58]. Therefore, this study retrieved 2472 publications on fluorite resource utilization technology (including mining, processing, and metallurgy) from the WoSCC (1 January 1999 to 31 December 2024) to analyze these aspects. Figure 2(A1,A2) presents annual publication numbers and citations per article globally and in China. First, the number of annual publications has shown a significant year-on-year increase, indicating that the global research focus on fluorite resource utilization technology has been rising. Meanwhile, the increasing citations per article suggest growing research interest and popularity in this field [59,60]. Second, based on the annual publication numbers and citations per article, the development process of fluorite resource utilization technology worldwide and in China can be divided into three stages: the initial stage, rapid growth stage, and steady development stage. The difference is that China’s rapid growth stage began 2–3 years later than the global average. Figure 2(A1,A2) illustrates the sustained growth of attention and research interest in the field. Over the past 25 years, China’s research in this area has been very outstanding [61], as summarized in Table 2. Globally, publications showed a negative annual growth rate of −5.29%. A total of 10,094 authors contributed to the 2472 studies, averaging 5.01 authors per paper. Only 1.96% of publications were single-authored, while international collaborations accounted for 27.22% of total outputs. In contrast, Chinese research showed a positive annual growth rate of 1.57% and made up 32.12% of global publications. Domestic authorship involved 3669 researchers (36.35% of global contributors), with a higher co-authorship density (averaging 5.82 authors per paper) but minimal independent scholarship (0.63% single-authored publications). International collaboration rates in China (19.65%) were below the global average (27.22%), despite China’s growing contribution to the field. These metrics indicate that while China’s research productivity in this field is increasing, there is room for improvement in citation impact (20.84 vs. the global 23.63) and international cooperation [62,63].
The main types of publications are shown in Figure 2(B1,B2) and include articles, proceedings papers, review articles, and early access articles. Globally, articles represent the majority of publications (2368 documents, accounting for 90.3% of the total), followed by proceeding papers (134, 5.1%); review articles (94, 3.6%); and early access articles, editorial materials, and others (27 in total, representing 1.1% of the total). The large number and diverse types of publications highlight the importance of research on fluorite resource utilization technology. A comparison of Figure 2(B1,B2) shows that Chinese research papers make up the largest proportion of global research in this field. However, the lower proportion of proceeding papers (5.1% globally vs. 2.1% in China) and review articles (3.6% globally vs. 2.9% in China) indicates a potential gap in integrated research and participation in academic exchanges. This gap could be addressed by enhancing academic activities in the field [64,65,66]. In addition, the lack of editorial materials and other types of publications suggests that Chinese scientific research institutions and personnel need to diversify their contributions. Chinese academic evaluation systems place a higher value on original research, such as articles and proceedings papers, and generally do not regard editorial materials as significant academic achievements [67,68]. Overall, Figure 2(B1,B2) shows that while Chinese scholars have published the most papers in the field of fluorite resource utilization technology, the distribution and diversity of document types need to be adjusted to better align with global academic communication trends.
A study on the Web of Science category can provide an in-depth analysis of research topics in fluorite resource utilization technology. Figure 2(C1,C2) presents the top 10 global and Chinese Web of Science categories, respectively. Comparing Figure 2(C1,C2), there are marked differences in both sequence and category. Regarding the top five Web of Science categories globally, the sequence is as follows: materials science multidisciplinary, physical mineralogy chemistry, geochemistry geophysics, and mining mineral processing. For China, the sequence is as follows: mineralogy, mining mineral processing, geology, multidisciplinary materials science, and physical chemistry. Differences in categories are also evident. Multidisciplinary geosciences ranked 8th in the global top 10 Web of Science categories but is not among the Chinese top 10. Meanwhile, chemical engineering ranked 9th in the Chinese top 10 Web of Science categories but is not among the global top 10. Given these differences in sequence and category, it appears that global research on fluorite resource utilization technology tends to focus more on basic research, while research in China leans toward engineering applications. This difference may be due to China’s current developmental stage, which places a greater emphasis on applied engineering research [69,70,71].

3.2. Journal Distribution, Co-Cited Journals, and Co-Cited References

The journal distribution reveals the activity and influence within a certain field, as well as publication coverage and relevance [72,73,74]. The 2472 selected publications in Section 3.1 appeared in 673 international journals, indicating that fluorite resource utilization technology research is a widely discussed topic. Table 3 lists the top 10 relevant journals. Ore Geology Reviews has the most publications (130, 5.25%), followed by Ceramics International (67, 2.79%), Minerals (56, 2.77%), Acta Petrologica Sinica (46, 1.86%), and Journal of Alloys and Compounds (43, 1.74%). However, Ore Geology Reviews was not the highest in average citation frequency. The top five journals with the highest average citation frequencies were Chemical Geology (37.24), Solid State Ionics (36.41), Minerals Engineering (34.83), Journal of the American Ceramic Society (31.2), and Journal of Geochemical Exploration (29.94), all Q1/Q2 journals with high impact factors. Higher citation frequencies indicate greater scholarly attention, reflecting the high quality of the work [75].
Of these journals, three originated from England, three from the Netherlands, one from Germany, one from Switzerland, one from the United States, and one from China. The top Chinese journal related to fluorite resource utilization technology is Acta Petrologica Sinica, which ranks fourth in the number of publications and ninth in average citations. However, it has a relatively low impact factor among the top 10, suggesting it has less academic influence than the others [76,77]. This may be because China is not an English-speaking country and its academic journals were internationalized relatively late [78]. As a result, Chinese journals have not yet accumulated sufficient academic reputation and author resources [79,80,81]. Both international and Chinese scholars tend to submit their research to internationally renowned journals to enhance their academic reputation and global influence. Thus, the development of internationally recognized Chinese academic journals may still have a long way to go. To boost the global influence of Chinese journals, multi-dimensional optimization is needed. This could include rigorous peer review, inviting international scholars to join editorial boards, enhancing editorial quality, implementing open access and multilingual support to increase international visibility, planning international Special Issues, collaborating with international publishers, strengthening academic linkages, actively participating in international conferences, improving social media communication, and effectively reaching the global academic community [82,83,84].
Analyzing the co-citation relationships of journals reveals their academic correlations and similarities, helping identify core journals and their relationships within a field and highlighting research hotspots and knowledge dissemination paths [85,86]. Figure 3A presents a co-cited journal network map, and Table 4 lists the top 10 co-cited journals. The top five are Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (729 citations), Chemical Geology (626), Journal of the American Ceramic Society (554), Science (547), and Solid State Ionics (533). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta leads in co-citation frequency, with an impact factor of 4.5. These articles are widely followed by researchers and enjoy a strong reputation in fluorite resource utilization technology research. Among the top 10 journals, 4 are from the US, 2 are from the Netherlands, 2 are from Germany, 1 is from England, and 1 is from Switzerland. As Figure 2(C1) shows, the rising citation frequency of these journals, especially since 2019, reflects growing attention to fluorite utilization technology research. However, no Chinese journals are among the top 10, indicating that despite China’s high research output in this field, its journals lack sufficient international influence and recognition. Articles from globally renowned journals like Nature and Science are preferred by the international academic community for citation, as they enjoy higher popularity and reputation than most Chinese journals [87]. Highly cited journals usually take time to accumulate citations. Chinese journals may still be in the rising period and have not yet reached high citation levels. Additionally, research in Chinese journals might lag in innovation, depth, or methodology compared to top international journals, leading to lower citation rates [88,89]. To bridge these gaps, it is suggested to promote interdisciplinary collaboration, establish cross-institutional research networks, and implement funding programs to encourage studies in fluorite resource utilization technology, especially in emerging areas like AI-driven mineral processing and sustainable extraction technologies [90,91]. These measures can enhance the overall quality and impact of research contributions to fluorite resource utilization technology.
Figure 3B presents a co-citation network map of references, while Table 5 ranks the top 10 most frequently co-cited ones. Of these, six are original research articles on topics like flotation separation methods and environmental fluoride enrichment mechanisms. The remaining four are reviews focusing on flotation technology, mineral engineering, and high-entropy ceramics. This distribution reflects a healthy research ecosystem, characterized by a balance of innovative studies and systematic reviews [92,93]. The references span high-impact journals such as Nature Materials (IF ≈ 79.8) and Nature Reviews Materials (IF ≈ 79.8), as well as specialized journals like Minerals Engineering (IF ≈ 4.9) and International Journal of Mining Science and Technology (IF ≈ 11.7). This indicates a clear stratification in literature quality, with contributions from both top-tier comprehensive journals and high-level research in specific fields. The publications span from 2015 to 2021, with a peak between 2018 and 2020 (seven articles), indicating the field’s sustained activity. Chinese scholars authored 4 of the top 10 references; 1 was a China-led international collaboration (with the US, Norway, and Poland), and the other 5 were from other countries. This highlights China’s strong independent innovation capacity and its “China-led + multi-country participation” cooperation model, though mostly short-term and lacking systematic coordination [94,95]. The research predominantly focuses on flotation separation technology, with seven publications addressing the flotation separation of fluorite, scheelite, and calcite. These cover areas like inhibitors (e.g., sodium silicate) and collector optimization. The most recent and highly co-cited document was authored by Gao Z.Y. et al. in 2021 [96]. This article summarizes typical fluorite flotation cases and, for the first time, describes the synergistic effect of collectors and inhibitors on fluorite recovery.
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Figure 3. (A) Network connection diagram of co-cited journals (CiteSpace) and (B) network connection diagram of co-cited references (CiteSpace) on fluorite resource utilization technology [96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122].
Figure 3. (A) Network connection diagram of co-cited journals (CiteSpace) and (B) network connection diagram of co-cited references (CiteSpace) on fluorite resource utilization technology [96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122].
Minerals 15 00679 g003
Table 5. The top 10 co-cited references on fluorite resource utilization technology [96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105].
Table 5. The top 10 co-cited references on fluorite resource utilization technology [96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105].
Co-Cited ReferenceTypeJournalCo-CitationsDOICountry
Froth flotation of fluorite: A review (Gao ZY, 2021) ReviewAdvances in Colloid and Interface Science2710.1016/j.cis.2021.102382China/USA/Norway/Poland
Selective flotation of scheelite from calcite and fluorite using a collector mixture (Gao ZY, 2015) ArticleMinerals Engineering2310.1016/j.mineng.2014.12.025China
The flotation separation of scheelite from calcite using acidified sodium silicate as depressant (Feng B, 2015)ArticleMinerals Engineering1910.1016/j.mineng.2015.06.017China
Froth flotation of scheelite-A review (Kupka N, 2018)ReviewInternational Journal of Mining Science and Technology1910.1016/j.ijmst.2017.12.001Germany
Investigation of the depressants involved in the selective flotation of scheelite from apatite, fluorite, and calcium silicates: focus on the sodium silicate/sodium carbonate system (Foucaud Y, 2019)ArticlePowder Technology1710.1016/j.powtec.2019.04.071France/Russia
Probing disorder in isometric pyrochlore and related complex oxides (Shamblin J, 2016)ArticleNature Materials1710.1038/nmat4581USA/Germany
Flotation separation of fluorite from calcite using polyaspartate as depressant (Zhu HL, 2018)ArticleMinerals Engineering1510.1016/j.mineng.2018.02.016China
Beneficiation studies of tungsten ores-A review (Yang XS, 2018)ReviewMinerals Engineering1510.1016/j.mineng.2018.06.001Finland
High-entropy ceramics (OsesC, 2020)ReviewNature Reviews Materials1310.1038/s41578-019-0170-8USA
Diverse mechanisms drive fluoride enrichment in groundwater in two neighboring sites in northern China (Li DN, 2018)ArticleEnvironmental Pollution1310.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.072China
Therefore, from a global perspective, European and American countries hold a dominant position and have a significant impact on journals in this field. Most of the top ten highly cited journals originate from countries such as the United States, the Netherlands, and Germany. This demonstrates their strong influence in the fields of basic research and applied technology. Although international cooperation is common, it mainly involves short-term projects and lacks long-term, systematic coordination. China stands out in terms of research output. For instance, Acta Petrologica Sinica ranks fourth worldwide in terms of the number of publications. However, China still lags in international discourse power. The main reasons are language barriers, a relatively slow process of internationalization, and insufficient accumulation of academic reputation [123,124]. Chinese research tends to focus on technical application areas, such as flotation separation technology, while there are opportunities for breakthroughs in basic theories and emerging fields like high-entropy materials. To enhance the continuity of long-term cooperation between Chinese and international scholars, a multifaceted approach is necessary. This can be achieved through the establishment of formal institutional agreements and joint research projects. Such measures can create a structured framework to facilitate regular exchanges via workshops and virtual platforms, as well as promote cultural understanding through exchange programs and language training [125,126]. By prioritizing these strategies, cross-border collaboration can drive sustained scientific progress and global innovation in areas such as fluorite resource utilization.

3.3. Active Countries, Institutions, and Authors

3.3.1. Contribution of Country Analysis

Figure 4 reveals countries with high publication output, citations, and co-citations, offering key insights into global research collaboration and productivity trends in fluorite resource utilization [127,128]. Figure 4A shows the annual publication trends of the top ten countries in this field from 1999 to 2024. China and India have seen significant publication growth, particularly since 2010, highlighting their rising research impact. Conversely, the number of publications in Russia has grown relatively slowly, indicating that its research activities have been more limited [129,130,131,132]. Figure 4B presents citation data by country. China leads, with 15,689 citations, followed by the US, with 6822. India, Germany, and France also have high citation counts of 4182, 4132, and 3263, respectively, while South Korea, Japan, and Australia each exceed 2000 citations. Overall, China’s academic contributions to fluorite resource utilization technologies have risen remarkably. India has made significant progress, while the US, Germany, and Russia remain major participants in this field.
Figure 4C,D shows the collaborations across diverse geographic regions, including countries in Asia (China, India, and Japan), Europe (Germany, France, Russia, Spain, and United Kingdom), and North America (United States and Canada). This highlights a globally distributed yet interconnected research landscape [133,134,135]. Table 6 shows that China led the way, with 794 publications (32.12% of the total), reflecting its significant contribution to the field. However, the centrality of China (0.20) was moderate. This suggests that its collaborative impact is not fully proportional to its publication output [136,137]. The United States ranked second, with 276 publications (11.27%), and its centrality (0.14) was lower than that of China. This indicates that while the US maintains its status as a traditional research powerhouse, its role in the international cooperation network may be influenced by emerging countries [138,139]. France ranked sixth in terms of productivity, with 167 publications (6.76%), but it had the highest centrality (0.30). This indicates that despite its relatively lower publication output, France plays a key role in facilitating international cooperation [140,141]. Most countries began contributing to the field in 1999. India, ranked fifth with 196 publications (7.93%), started in 2000. Despite being a late entrant, its growth has accelerated remarkably [142,143,144]. These high-centrality nations (France and USA) acted as hubs connecting multiple regions [145,146]. Clusters in Europe (Germany, France, and Spain) and North America (USA and Canada), as well as India, may indicate more cross-regional cooperation and larger networks in these regions. China’s substantial productivity is more likely associated with intensive intra-regional cooperation. However, its relatively lower centrality suggests less cross-regional cooperation compared to other countries. These findings reveal inconsistencies between national productivity and cooperative networks in the study of fluorite resource utilization technologies [147]. The above temporal and geographical patterns indicate that while early entrants have established basic research networks for fluorite resource utilization technologies, latecomers like India have demonstrated the ability to rapidly integrate into the global research ecosystem. Such insights are crucial for countries aiming to deepen international cooperation and optimize resource allocation in scientific research on fluorite resource utilization technologies [148].

3.3.2. Contribution of Institutional Analysis

Figure 5A and Table 7 show the institutional collaboration network for fluorite resource utilization technology research, characterized by a small number of highly connected hubs and numerous peripheral nodes [149]. The Russian Academy of Sciences (143 publications, 5.78%) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (138 publications, 5.58%) stand out as the most influential institutions. However, these two institutions exhibit opposite rankings in terms of centrality (0.24 and 0.13, respectively). This suggests possible inconsistencies between publication and inter-institutional cooperation. This highlights that the institutional outputs do not directly translate into cooperation impacts [150], similar to the inter-country trends observed in Table 6. Institutions such as the China University of Geosciences, Central South University, the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Peking University form dense sub-networks. This may reflect extensive domestic or regional cooperation in China. In contrast, European institutions like CNRS and the University of Lorraine have numerous collaborations with other national institutions, acting as bridges to the global cooperative network [151,152,153]. Institutions with high degree values (the Chinese Academy of Sciences, degree = 70) maintain a wide range of direct partnerships, but their low centrality score indicates limited control over the flow of knowledge across disciplines or regions [154,155,156,157].
Figure 5B reveals an overlay visualization map of institution co-occurrence over time. The network demonstrates a clear transition from regional academic cooperation (blue nodes) to global research networks (red nodes). The Russian Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the CNRS established foundational cooperation starting in 1999–2000. Peking University later emerged as a key contributor to research fronts. Chinese institutions, such as the China University of Geosciences and Central South University, significantly expanded their participation after 2005. Notably, latecomer institutions like the Chengdu University of Technology rapidly integrated into global networks after 2010. This was facilitated by targeted funding and open-access policies [158,159]. The Chinese and Russian Academies have evolved into central hubs. European institutions served as critical bridges during the intermediate phase (yellow-green nodes). This transformation reflects the field’s progression from fundamental research to engineering applications and highlights the growing importance of international cooperation for technological advancement. As a result, institutions in high-publication, low-centrality regions such as China should prioritize integration into global hubs. Meanwhile, Western institutions can increase productivity through partnerships with APAC countries [160,161].

3.3.3. Contribution of Authors Analysis

The cooperation pattern and co-citation dynamics among authors were analyzed through visual and quantitative methods [162,163]. Table 8 lists the top 10 authors for fluorite resource utilization technology publication volume. Gregor Markl leads with 27 publications, followed by Liu Yan (24 publications), Sun Wei (23 publications), Wang Liang (18 publications), and Rodney C. Ewing (16 publications). Chinese authors dominate the list, accounting for 70% of entries. This reflects China’s growing research output in this domain. However, their average citation rates (20–70 citations per author) and H-indices (0.81–7.36) are relatively low compared to international counterparts like Rodney C. Ewing (91 citations, H-index = 5.06). This underscores the disparities in global scholarly impact [164,165,166]. Figure 6A illustrates the collaborative relationships among the authors, revealing different clusters of collaboration mainly within institutional or national boundaries. The authors Sun Wei, Hu Yuehua, and Zhang Ye from Central South University have shown strong teamwork skills [167,168,169]. In contrast, international cooperation remains limited, with a few exceptions, such as Gregor Mark and Rodney C. Ewing.
Table 9 identifies the most active co-cited authors. Robert D. Shannon and Barbara C. Steele exhibited the highest citation bursts, 5.13 and 20.54, respectively. This shows their key roles during certain periods. Chinese authors such as Zhang Ye and Mao Jingwen appear in both Table 8 and Table 9, suggesting their dual contributions as prolific writers and influential references. The presence of “Unknown” as the top co-cited entity (986 co-citations) may indicate incomplete metadata or citations to older, foundational works lacking digital identifiers [170,171]. Figure 6B presents the co-citation network of authors, highlighting influential scholars whose works are frequently cited together. Key nodes in this network include Robert J. Bodnar, Edwin Roedder, and Hiroshi Ohmoto, whose foundational studies in fluid inclusions and hydrothermal systems have established them as central figures in the field [172,173,174,175]. Notably, Barbara C. Steele exhibits the highest burst strength (20.54), indicating a surge in citations between 2001 and 2015, likely driven by advancements in geochemical modeling [176,177]. The analysis highlights a concentration of research productivity within Chinese authors, with emerging international visibility. But differences in citation impact and burst activity suggest there is room for more global collaboration and better methods to increase scholarly influence. Highly cited publications provide useful information about the topic, including citation frequency and relevance [178]. Table 10 lists the top 10 highly cited publications in this field from 1999 to 2020. These publications cover a variety of topics, such as oxygen separation membranes, nuclear waste immobilization, ferroelectric materials, and catalytic oxidation processes. They have appeared in well-known journals like the Journal of Membrane Science, Nature, and Applied Catalysis B-Environmental. Their citation counts show their big impact in their respective areas.

3.4. Popular Research Topics

3.4.1. Theme Evolution Analysis

Thematic evolution analysis is a useful tool for detecting, quantifying, and visualizing specific research fields, and it can illustrate the topic evolution in recent years [188,189]. As shown in Figure 2(A1), the development process of fluorite resource utilization technology worldwide can be divided into three stages, so we took 2009 and 2019 as the cut-off points and analyzed the topic evolution process for keywords. Figure 7A visually depicts the evolution of themes from 1999 to 2024. From 1999 to 2009, research topics were relatively diverse, spanning multiple fields such as chemistry, geochemistry, and materials science. From 2009 to 2019, research topics became somewhat more concentrated, mainly focusing on areas such as adsorption, conductivity, and evolution. From 2019 to 2024, research topics further expanded, with the addition of new research directions such as regions, fluorite, and temperature. The arrows in the figure indicate the relationships between the evolving topics [190,191]. The theme “adsorption” from 1999 to 2009 continued through 2009–2019 and into 2019–2024. The “conductivity” theme from 2009 to 2019 remained prominent during 2019–2024. New topics such as “fluorite” and “temperature” emerged during the period from 2019 to 2024, indicating an expansion of research directions.
The horizontal axis of the topic evolution graph represents keyword centrality (the interconnection degree among different clusters), and the vertical axis represents density (the closeness of keyword correlations within the same cluster). The first quadrant, with high centrality and density, is crucial to the research. Although the second quadrant has developed well, its importance is not prominent. The third quadrant has developed unsteadily with low centrality and density. The fourth quadrant has a poor trend and is mostly at the conceptual level. The larger the circle, the higher the frequency of the keyword’s appearance [192,193,194]. Figure 7B reveals that themes like “geochemistry” and “systems” are highly relevant and well-developed. Themes such as “northern black-forest” and “chemistry” are well-developed but less relevant. Themes like “deformation” may be emerging or declining, with low relevance and development levels. Themes such as “SrBi2Ta2O9” and “adsorption” are highly relevant but underdeveloped. At that time, the research focus was on the basic exploration and exploitation of fluorite resources, including deposit discovery and basic mining techniques [195,196,197]. Figure 7C shows that “conductivity” emerged as a highly relevant and developed theme. “Adsorption” has relatively low correlation and development, while “geochemistry” remains a well-developed fundamental topic but with low relevance. As technology advanced, environmental issues became prominent, and interdisciplinary cooperation increased [198,199,200]. Figure 7D indicates that “conductivity” continues to be a highly relevant and developed theme. “Geochemistry” remains a fundamental theme with high development but low relevance. “Adsorption” represents emerging or declining themes with low relevance and development. “Evolution” holds a moderate position. The shift in focus to sustainable utilization and the principles of circular economy, along with their innovative applications in high-tech industries, reflects the field’s transition from basic research to environmental protection and technological innovation [201,202,203].

3.4.2. Keyword Co-Occurance Analysis

To further study research hotspots and development trends in fluorite resource utilization technology, a keyword co-occurrence analysis was carried out. The visual analysis results (primary keyword co-occurrence) are shown in Figure 8A. The nodes in the figure represent different keywords. Generally, the node size shows how frequently or important the keyword appears. The lines linking the nodes display the co-occurrence relationship between the keywords, with the line thickness indicating the frequency of co-occurrence. The shorter the distance between two nodes, the stronger the correlation between these two keywords [204,205]. As shown in the figure, the keywords are roughly divided into several main groups, each represented by a different color. The red group centers on “geochemistry” and “mineralization” and includes keywords like “fluid inclusion”, “ore-forming processes”, and “geology”. These keywords mainly concern the geochemical characteristics and mineralization processes of fluorite, which are crucial for ore deposit and geology research [206,207,208,209,210,211]. The green group focuses on keywords such as “contamination”, “groundwater”, and “water” and covers terms like “shallow groundwater” and “fluorosis”. These terms are related to water pollution, groundwater chemistry, and environmental issues in fluorite development and utilization [212,213]. The purple group contains keywords like “adsorption”, “selective flotation”, and “mechanism” and mainly involves fluorite beneficiation and purification technologies, which are key in mineral processing and chemical engineering [214,215]. The blue group comprises keywords such as “fluorite”, “nanoparticles”, “temperature”, and “conductivity” and mainly addresses fluorite applications in materials science, nanotechnology, and electrochemistry [216]. There are also smaller groups, such as those involving “crustal fluids”, “system”, “solubility”, etc., which are related to other specific fields of geochemistry or materials science [217,218].
Figure 8B shows the research popularity of the keywords in different time periods. The depth of color can reflect the frequency of appearance of keywords within a specific time period [219]. The research trend of fluorite resource utilization technology shows that the early studies mainly focused on geochemical characteristics and mineralization processes, involving topics like fluid inclusions, mineralization mechanisms. In recent years, with the development of materials science and nanotechnology, the application research of fluorite in fields such as nanoparticles, thin films, and ceramics has gradually increased. Meanwhile, environmental pollution and groundwater pollution have also been important research directions, involving issues such as fluorine pollution and groundwater chemistry. In addition, research on the beneficiation and purification technologies of fluorite is ongoing, including adsorption, flotation, and other techniques. Overall, the research on the utilization technology of fluorite resources shows a trend of expanding from basic geological research to applications in multiple fields [220,221]. On the other hand, the initial year of the top 10 keywords is relatively old, which indicates that there has been a lack of new theory and new technological innovation in this research field over the past two decades.

3.4.3. Keyword Burst Analysis

To further investigate the research processes and hotspots in fluorite resource utilization technology over the years, an analysis was conducted on the top 25 keywords with the strongest citation bursts between 1999 and 2024, as presented in Table 11. The color bars in the table represent the changes in the academic popularity of the keywords in a specific year. The red bars in the figure indicate that the citation popularity of the keywords was at a relatively high level in the corresponding year [222]. In the initial research phase (1999–2001), the keywords were “impedance spectroscopy”, “solid solutions”, “electrical conductivity”, “system”, “powders”, and “inclusions”, with burst intensities of 6.52, 6.08, 8.89, 6.62, 7.44, and 5.75, respectively. This indicated that the related research was in a cognitive stage, primarily focusing on property studies [223,224,225,226]. Notably, the keyword “solid solutions” experienced a citation burst that lasted for 17 years (1999–2016), which suggests that disciplines such as earth science and metallurgy have had a consistently significant guiding role in the relevant research [227,228,229].
In recent years, the burst keywords have included “selective flotation” (2017–2024), “scheelite” (2017–2024), “collector” (2017–2024), “la-icp-ms” (2019–2024), “separation” (2019–2024), and “region” (2021–2024). This indicates that research in the field of mineral processing engineering has been both an active and challenging topic in recent years [230,231,232,233,234]. The ongoing prominence of LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) reflects its key role in mineral characterization for trace element analysis. This technique enables the precise identification of the origin of fluorite deposits [235]. Meanwhile, the continued use of the keyword “collector” highlights the search for environmentally friendly flotation agents. These agents aim to enhance mineral recovery efficiency while minimizing environmental impact [236,237]. Regional specificity has also become a significant research dimension. Keywords such as “region” and “scheelite” indicate the geographical focus of fluorite-related mineral associations. This aligns with the increasing need for localized resource optimization strategies in critical metal recycling [238,239,240]. The coexistence of “selective flotation” and “separation” highlights the technological advances in particle surface modification techniques, especially for complex polymetallic ores containing fluorite [241,242]. From the perspective of the research process and hotspots in fluorite resource utilization technology, the research type has changed from science to engineering, and the research content has changed from the analysis of basic attributes to the maturity of application-driven technical solutions. This evolution is consistent with the current global trend of accelerating the transformation of scientific research findings.

3.4.4. Timeline View Analysis

Using CiteSpace, we performed a timeline view analysis of keywords spanning from 1999 to 2024. Keywords within the same clusters are displayed on the same timeline based on their occurrence time [243,244]. Figure 9 displays six primary clusters, and the keywords of each cluster are listed in Table 12. These clusters are “fluid inclusion”, “thin film”, “swift heavy ion”, “health risk assessment”, “flotation separation”, and “fluorine anion”. The largest cluster (#0 fluid inclusion) was relatively popular in the early stage. Over time, its popularity has fluctuated but remained relevant. Keywords in the “fluid inclusion” cluster include “geochemistry”, “mineralization”, “genesis”, “crystallization”, “Inner Mongolia”, “South China”, and “China”. Among the countries with the largest fluorite reserves, Mexico accounts for 26% of the global total, China accounts for 19%, and South Africa accounts for 16% [245,246]. However, the total amount of research work in the research field of fluorite resource utilization technology from Mexico and South Africa is much less than that China; therefore, geographically related keywords mainly involve China [107,247].
The second largest cluster (#1 “thin film”) gained significant attention around 2010 before stabilizing. Its keywords include “ionic conductivity”, “nanoparticles”, “electrical property”, “microstructure”, “oxide fuel cells”, “nanocrystals”, and “solid electrolytes”. The third-largest cluster (#2 “swift heavy ion”) saw its popularity gradually rise from 2010 to 2020. Its keywords include “defects”, “phase transition”, “low thermal conductivity”, “crystal structures”, “immobilization”, “transformation”, and “order disorder transition”. These two clusters pertain to advanced and basic manufacturing categories, respectively. Regarding basic manufacturing, a good foundation has been laid in China in the past three decades. However, for advanced manufacturing, there is still a big gap between China and developed countries [248,249,250]. It is worth noting that native fluorite resources of major developed countries are generally low; therefore, China still has a great advantage in advanced manufacturing.
The fourth-largest cluster (#3 health risk assessment) saw its popularity gradually rise since 2015. Its keywords include “water”, “solubility”, “hydrogeochemical processes”, “groundwater quality”, “saturation index”, “fluorosis”, “aqueous solution”, “river”, and “health risk assessment”. Clearly, fluorite resource utilization has caused widespread concern over environmental pollution issues, and the focus is on the relationship between fluorine and water pollution [251,252,253]. Specifically, during fluorite resource utilization, the treatment and protection of water resources, recovery of process water, use of low-toxicity and biodegradable flotation agents, recovery of fluorine resources from wastewater, monitoring of wastewater parameters, and the integration of artificial intelligence to optimize the separation process are all constantly evolving technologies [254]. As global environmental issues intensify, green utilization technology for fluorine resources and the prevention and control of pollution from fluorine-containing substances will become key research focuses in the field of fluorite resource utilization.
The fifth-largest cluster (#4 flotation separation) has seen a significant increase since 2020. Its keywords include “scheelite”, “calcite”, “bastnasite”, “calcium minerals”, and “apatite”, which indicates the close relationship between fluorite and these minerals in the fluorite resource utilization process. Additionally, keywords such as “sodium silicate”, “water glass”, “oleoyl sarcosine”, and “alkyl oxine” indicate a high dependency of fluorite flotation technology on the chemical industry. After decades of development, China has established a robust chemical industry system [255,256,257]. Especially in flotation agents, China’s annual production and consumption rank first in the world, which has significantly contributed to promoting the global fluorite resource utilization technology.
The prevalence of the sixth-largest cluster (#5 fluorine anion) has gradually risen since 2010. Its keywords include “distance”, “substitutional cations”, “excess solid solutions”, “extended defects”, and “electrical property”, which indicates the research on fluorite properties has a great influence on fluorite resource utilization technology. Most of this research is basic scientific research, and governments should increase the investment in relevant funds [258,259,260].
Looking to the future, the three key stages of the development of fluorite resource utilization technology—mining, processing, and metallurgy technology—will continue to evolve. In mining technology, the integration of intelligent systems such as autonomous transport, AI-driven rigs, and real-time remote monitoring will enhance efficiency, reduce human error and safety risks, and move toward full automation to minimize manual operations. This will optimize resource recovery and cut labor costs [261,262]. Meanwhile, sustainable practices like low-impact excavation, precision blasting, and closed-loop water management will become mainstream, driven by strict environmental regulations, policy incentives prioritizing ecological restoration, and the adoption of life cycle assessment frameworks with circular economy principles [263]. In processing technology, the focus will be on optimizing flotation reagents, such as new collectors and inhibitors, and developing advanced mineral processing equipment like high-gradient magnetic separators and sensor-based systems. This will support high-grade concentrates and recovery rates. In addition, adding value to tailings and recovering secondary resources will be crucial for waste reduction and the recovery of co-existing rare earth elements, supported by regulations and industrial symbiotic breakthroughs to achieve zero-waste facilities [264]. In metallurgy technology, fluorspar-derived materials such as lithium-based solid electrolytes and fluorocarbon cathodes will underpin next-generation energy storage systems. Fluoropolymers will also expand their applications in photovoltaics and hydrogen storage, accelerating development under global decarbonization efforts. Environmentally friendly metallurgical processes will replace the traditional fire metallurgical route to reduce HF/CO2 emissions, in line with carbon-neutral practices implemented through carbon pricing and fluorine closed-loop cycling with carbon capture solutions [265].
Meanwhile, several promising research directions can be foreseen in the field of fluorite resource utilization technology. First, the pace of industrial transformation and upgrading has accelerated, creating an urgent demand for high-performance fluoropolymers, new refrigerants, and other fluorine-based materials. This provides significant opportunities for researchers to develop new fluorite-based materials and technologies [266]. Second, the environmental impact of fluorite mining and processing remains a key concern. Future research should focus on developing green and sustainable technologies to minimize pollution and environmental damage. Additionally, health risk assessment related to fluoride exposure in groundwater and soil should be a priority [267]. Third, mineral processing technologies are a major driver for advancing fluorite resource utilization. Collaborative efforts among researchers from different disciplines, such as chemistry, mechanical engineering, and materials science, are crucial for progress in this field [268]. Furthermore, with the rise of new strategic industries and growing demand for fluorite resources, technical security has become a crucial issue. Researchers should pay close attention to the global distribution, production capacity, and technological advancements of fluorite resources to ensure a sustainable supply and use.

4. Conclusions

Based on bibliometric analysis, this study reviews the research context in the field of fluorite resource utilization technology globally and in China over the past 25 years. Given the results, fluorite resource utilization technological development worldwide and in China can be divided into three stages (initial stage, rapid growth stage, and steady development stage). China’s rapid growth stage began 2–3 years later than the global average. In terms of the number of published articles, China leads, with 32.12%, but the types and structures of the literature need to be optimized. In terms of top journals, China only holds one position. It is necessary to comprehensively enhance the international influence of journals. Regarding author collaboration, Chinese scholars have shown remarkable growth. However, the United States and European countries such as Germany and France still maintain an advantage in terms of academic contributions and citations.
In the future, the three key stages of fluorite resource utilization technology—mining, processing, and metallurgy—will continue to develop. Mining technology will transform toward intelligent, automated, and sustainable practices. Processing technology will optimize flotation agents and equipment and focus on the reuse of tailings. Metallurgical technology focuses on the development of new materials and environmentally friendly processes [269,270]. Future research directions include the development of new high-performance fluorine-containing materials, green and sustainable technologies, as well as interdisciplinary cooperation to enhance mineral processing technologies [271].

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/min15070679/s1, Table S1: 2472 records from WoSCC (TS = (fluorite mining or fluorspar mining) OR TS = (fluorite processing or fluorspar processing) OR TS = (fluorite metallurgy or fluorspar metallurgy) NOT TS = (fluorite structure or fluorite-structure or “fluorite-”), February 2025).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Z.G.; methodology, Z.G. and C.Z.; formal analysis, B.M.; investigation, Z.G.; data curation, Z.G. and C.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.G.; writing—review and editing, Z.G.; supervision, B.M.; funding acquisition, Z.G. and C.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Research Foundation of the Department of Natural Resources of Hunan Province [HBZ20240148], The Laboratory Open Project of Central South University in 2025, the International and Regional Science and Technology Cooperation and Exchange Program of Hunan Association for Science and Technology [2024SKX-KJ-06], and The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province [2022RC1039].

Data Availability Statement

Data are available from the authors upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Application distribution of fluorite and flowchart of the fluorine chemical industry.
Figure 1. Application distribution of fluorite and flowchart of the fluorine chemical industry.
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Minerals 15 00679 g002
Figure 2. Characteristic description of publications (Bibliometrix). Number of annual publications and citations per article globally (A1) and in China (A2), proportion of document types globally (B1) and in China (B2), and top 10 Web of Science categories globally (C1) and in China (C2) regarding fluorite resource utilization technology.
Figure 2. Characteristic description of publications (Bibliometrix). Number of annual publications and citations per article globally (A1) and in China (A2), proportion of document types globally (B1) and in China (B2), and top 10 Web of Science categories globally (C1) and in China (C2) regarding fluorite resource utilization technology.
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Minerals 15 00679 g004
Figure 4. (A) Most productive countries (Bibliometrix); (B) most cited countries (Bibliometrix); (C) co-country network (Citespace); (D) distribution and collaboration of each country (Bibliometrix) to fluorite resource utilization technology.
Figure 4. (A) Most productive countries (Bibliometrix); (B) most cited countries (Bibliometrix); (C) co-country network (Citespace); (D) distribution and collaboration of each country (Bibliometrix) to fluorite resource utilization technology.
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Minerals 15 00679 g005
Figure 5. (A) Co-institution network (Citespace) and (B) overlay visualization map of institution co-occurrence from the time dimension (VOSviewer) in terms of fluorite resource utilization technology.
Figure 5. (A) Co-institution network (Citespace) and (B) overlay visualization map of institution co-occurrence from the time dimension (VOSviewer) in terms of fluorite resource utilization technology.
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Minerals 15 00679 g006
Figure 6. (A) Cooperative relationship map of authors (Citespace) and (B) network connection diagram of co-cited authors (Citespace) on fluorite resource utilization technology.
Figure 6. (A) Cooperative relationship map of authors (Citespace) and (B) network connection diagram of co-cited authors (Citespace) on fluorite resource utilization technology.
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Minerals 15 00679 g007
Figure 7. Thematic evolution in fluorite resource utilization technology (Bibliometrix). (A) Topic evolution process; (B) Time Slice 1 (1999–2009); (C) Time Slice 2 (2009–2019); (D) Time Slice 3 (2019–2024).
Figure 7. Thematic evolution in fluorite resource utilization technology (Bibliometrix). (A) Topic evolution process; (B) Time Slice 1 (1999–2009); (C) Time Slice 2 (2009–2019); (D) Time Slice 3 (2019–2024).
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Figure 8. (A) Co-occurrence network of keywords (VOSviewer) and (B) overlay visualization map of keyword co-occurrence network (VOSviewer) for fluorite resource utilization technology.
Figure 8. (A) Co-occurrence network of keywords (VOSviewer) and (B) overlay visualization map of keyword co-occurrence network (VOSviewer) for fluorite resource utilization technology.
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Minerals 15 00679 g009
Figure 9. The timeline view of keywords of six clusters for fluorite resource utilization technology.
Figure 9. The timeline view of keywords of six clusters for fluorite resource utilization technology.
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Table 1. World production of fluorite by country in kilotons from 2015 to 2024.
Table 1. World production of fluorite by country in kilotons from 2015 to 2024.
CountryYear
2015201620172018201920202021202220232024
ArgentinaNANA391414NANANANANA
BrazilNANA242418NANANANANA
BurmaNANANANA4453NANANANA
CanadaNANANANA11010014018NANA
China3800420038003500400043005400570057005900
Germany606050554550806560100
Iran9080407055555650120120
Kazakhstan110110110NANA777767NANA
Kenya632043NANANANANANANA
Mexico1100100099011001200120099097010001200
Mongolia3752302002206707208003509301200
Morocco75757078100888077NANA
PakistanNANANANANA10070655252
RussiaNANANANANANANANANANA
South Africa200180200260240320420420410380
Spain9595130170140140130160150160
ThailandNA50403050NANANANA76
United Kingdom7040131221NANANANANA
United StatesNANANANANANANANANANA
VietnamNA170200220240240220220170110
Other countries2108933294211011098170170
World total6250640060005800700076008600830088009500
Table 2. General information about the publications.
Table 2. General information about the publications.
DescriptionsResults (Global)Results (Chinese)
Main information about documents
Time span1999:20241999:2024
Source (journals, books, etc.)669251
Documents2472794
Annual growth rate%−5.291.57
Average citations per document23.6320.84
References86,27529,276
Document contents
Authors10,0943669
Authors of single-authored documents985
Collaborations
Co-authors per document5.015.82
International co-authorships %27.2219.65
Table 3. The top 10 journals of publications on fluorite resource utilization technology.
Table 3. The top 10 journals of publications on fluorite resource utilization technology.
JournalTotal PublicationsAverage
Citations		IFJCRIndex-HCountry
No.%
Ore Geology Reviews1305.2521.083.2Q179Germany
Ceramics International692.7917.145.1Q189England
Minerals562.278.82.2Q221England
Acta Petrologica Sinica461.86111.7Q278China
Journal of Alloys and Compounds431.7425.445.8Q1145Switzerland
Chemical Geology371.5037.243.6Q1177Netherlands
Journal of Geochemical Exploration341.3829.943.4Q172Netherlands
Solid State Ionics341.3936.413Q1175Netherlands
Journal of the American Ceramic Society301.2131.23.5Q1174United States
Minerals Engineering301.2134.834.9Q188England
Table 4. The top 10 co-cited journals on fluorite resource utilization technology.
Table 4. The top 10 co-cited journals on fluorite resource utilization technology.
Co-Cited JournalCo-CitationsAverage
Citations		Impact FactorIndex-HCountry
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta72934.74.5212United States
Chemical Geology62616.93.6177Netherlands
Journal of the American Ceramic Society55418.53.5174United States
Science547273.544.81058United States
Solid State Ionics53315.73175Netherlands
Journal of Alloys and Compounds50711.85.8145Switzerland
Economic Geology48420.25.593United States
Nature475237.550.51096England
Mineralium Deposita46116.54.480Germany
Ore Geology Reviews4553.53.279Germany
Table 6. The list of top 10 most productive countries in terms of fluorite resource utilization technology.
Table 6. The list of top 10 most productive countries in terms of fluorite resource utilization technology.
RankCountryTotal PublicationsCentralityInitial Year
No.%
1China79432.120.201999
2USA27611.270.141999
3Russia2449.870.071999
4Germany1988.010.131999
5India1967.930.182000
6France1676.760.301999
7Japan1214.890.081999
8Spain1164.690.091999
9England1014.860.171999
10Canada853.440.051999
Table 7. A list of top 10 most productive institutions regarding fluorite resource utilization technology.
Table 7. A list of top 10 most productive institutions regarding fluorite resource utilization technology.
InstitutionTotal PublicationsInstitutionCentralityInstitutionDergeeInstitutionBurst Strength
No.%
Russian Acad Sci1435.78Chinese Acad Sci0.24Chinese Acad Sci70Russian Acad Sci8.32
Chinese Acad Sci1385.58Russian Acad Sci0.13China Univ Geosci38Peking Univ6.38
China Univ Geosci1034.17Univ Lorraine0.12Univ Chinese Acad Sci33Univ Chinese Acad Sci5.51
Cent South Univ572.31CNRS0.11Chinese Acad Geol Sci28Univ Tennessee5.46
Chinese Acad Geol Sci471.90Nanjing Univ0.09Russian Acad Sci25Harbin Inst Technol5.27
Univ Chinese Acad Sci451.82Chinese Acad Geol Sci0.06China Univ Geosci Beijing23Cent South Univ5.06
Peking Univ421.70Univ Western Australia0.06Nanjing Univ23Chengdu Univ Technol4.71
Univ Sci & Technol China251.02China Univ Geosci0.05Peking Univ21China Univ Geosci4.69
Univ Sci & Technol Beijing240.97Natl Res Ctr0.05China Geol Survey19Univ Michigan4.67
China Geol Survey230.93Univ Aveiro0.05CNRS19CNRS4.53
Table 8. List of the top 10 authors with publications on fluorite resource utilization technology.
Table 8. List of the top 10 authors with publications on fluorite resource utilization technology.
AuthorInstitutionCountryTotal PublicationsAverage
Citations		H-IndexInitial Year
No.%
Markl, GregorEberhard Karls University of TubingenGermany271.09600.812003
Liu, YanChina Geological SurveyChina240.97202.712006
Sun, WeiCentral South UniversityChina230.93500.302014
Wang, LiangChina University of GeosciencesChina180.73123.562011
Rodney C. EwingStanford UniversityUSA160.65915.062004
Chen, Yan-JingPeking UniversityChina150.65614.062009
Hu, YuehuaCentral South UniversityChina150.60702.402015
Chen, YaoXi’an University of Architecture & TechnologyChina140.5751.212008
Shlyakhtina, A. V.Russian Academy of SciencesRussia140.57211.212003
Zhang, YeCentral South UniversityChina140.5887.362011
Table 9. List of the top 10 active co-cited authors on fluorite resource utilization technology.
Table 9. List of the top 10 active co-cited authors on fluorite resource utilization technology.
Co-Cited AuthorsInstitutionCountryCo-CitationsH-IndexBurstBurst BeginBurst End
Unknown ---986----
Shannon, Robert DUniversity of Colorado BoulderUSA162565.1320112014
Robert J BodnarVirginia Polytechnic Institute & State UniversityUSA147674.1419992002
Roedder, EdwinHarvard UniversityUSA144336.2519992005
Zhang, YeCentral South University, ChinaChina10380--
Michael BauUniversity of BremenGermany101550--
Mas A. SubramanianOregon State UniversityUSA9888.6120052012
Steele, Barbara C.Imperial College LondonUSA905220.5420012015
Ohmoto, HiroshiPennsylvania State UniversityUSA86540--
Mao, JingwenChinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina85710--
Table 10. Top 10 highly cited publications on fluorite resource utilization technology [106,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187].
Table 10. Top 10 highly cited publications on fluorite resource utilization technology [106,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187].
PublicationTypeJournalYearCitations
Mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) ceramic-based membranes for oxygen separationReviewJournal of Membrane Science2008968
Nuclear waste disposal-pyrochlore (A2B2O7): Nuclear waste form for the immobilization of plutonium and “minor” actinidesReviewJournal of Applied Physics2004954
Enhanced ferroelectricity in ultrathin films grown directly on silicon ArticleNature2020602
Synthesis, structural and optical properties of CeO2 nanoparticles synthesized by a simple polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) solution routeArticleMaterials Chemistry and Physics2006362
Understanding Chemical Expansion in Non-Stoichiometric Oxides: Ceria and Zirconia Case StudiesArticleAdvanced Functional Materials2012334
Fluorine geochemistry in bedrock groundwater of South Korea ArticleScience of the Total Environment2007304
Tetrad effect in rare earth element distribution patterns: A method of quantification with application to rock and mineral samples from granite-related rare metal depositsArticleGeochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta2002283
Ceramic Top Coats of Plasma-Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings: Materials, Processes, and PropertiesArticleJournal of thermal Spray Technology2017272
Deep oxidation of chlorinated VOCs over CeO2-based transition metal mixed oxide catalystsArticleApplied Catalysis B-Environmental2015248
Oxygen transport in La1−xSrxMn1−yCoyO3 ± δ perovskites part II.: Oxygen surface exchangeArticlSolid State Ionics1999232
Table 11. Top 25 keywords regarding fluorite resource utilization technology with the strongest citation bursts during 1999–2024.
Table 11. Top 25 keywords regarding fluorite resource utilization technology with the strongest citation bursts during 1999–2024.
KeywordsYearStrengthBeginEnd1999–2024
system20006.6220002010▂ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
impedance spectroscopy19996.5219992012▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
solid solutions19996.0819992016▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂
powders20017.4420012014▂ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
inclusions20015.7520012014▂ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
age20025.5320022012▂ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
growth20035.3320032016▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂
doped ceria20015.0920032012▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
ceria20034.8120032012▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
plutonium20056.8320052008▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
X-ray diffraction20056.1820052012▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
oxide fuel cells20037.3120072018▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂
ionic conductivity20006.7220072012▂ ▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
combustion synthesis20074.7520072012▂ ▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
electrical conductivity20008.8920092012▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
electrolytes20036.1820092012▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
transport19995.420112012▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▃ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂
nanocrystals20136.9220132018▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▂ ▂
selective flotation20179.0920172024▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▃
scheelite20177.6420172024▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▃ ▃ ▃
collector20175.6820172024▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▃ ▃
La-icp-ms20197.3720192024▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▃ ▃
separation20176.9920192024▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▃ ▃
region20216.920212024▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▂ ▃
Table 12. List of the six clusters and the corresponding keywords regarding fluorite resource utilization technology.
Table 12. List of the six clusters and the corresponding keywords regarding fluorite resource utilization technology.
ClusterSizeSilhouetteMean (Year)Key Keywords
#01580.8192011fluid inclusions; geochemistry; evolution; rare earth elements; mineralization; origin; genesis; constraints; oxygen; deposits; rocks; deposit; trace elements; la icp ms; fractionation; crystallization; trace-elements; hydrothermal; alteration; inner Mongolia; south china; zircon u pb; complex; hydrothermal fluids; a type granites; inner-mongolia; etrogenesis; geochronology; u-pb; u pb; stable isotopes; gold deposit; bayan obo; tectonic evolution; inclusions; china; fluorite deposit;; stable isotope; stable-isotope; ree; province; chemical evolution; freezing point depression; age; geochemical characteristics; rare earth element; granite; isotope geochemistry; trace element; mineralogy; aqueous geochemistry; liquid immiscibility; zircon; re-os; polymetallic deposit; fluid evolution; great xingan range; asian orogenic belt; volcanic-rocks; monazite; gold deposits;u pb geochronology; porphyry mo deposit; fluids; belt; hydrothermal activity; continental basement; classification; crystalline basement; pb; quartz; magmatism; fluid; trace-element; geochemical constraints; nb fe deposit; hunan province; a-type granites; strange lake; hydrothermal evolution; diagenesis; a-type granite; magmas; hydrogen isotope; mineral chemistry; systematics; rock; mantle; igneous rocks; hydrothermal processes; Germany; ne china; carbonatite; henan province; ree mineralization; ree deposit; mining district; tungsten; continental collision; southern; great xingan range; ore-deposits; carbonatite complex; sulfur; isotope; nanling range; carbon; melt inclusions; granitic pegmatites; aqueous fluids; exploration; southern margin; dissolution-reprecipitation; bearing; dolomite reservoirs; northern black forest; continental collision regime; complexes; orogenic belt; molybdenum deposit; marine carbonate successions; metallogenic belt; dolomitization; blue john; discrimination; patterns; accessory minerals; crustal fluids; k ar ages; compositional variation; forming fluids; fluorite veins; bohemian massif; amazonian craton; color; fluorine; continental-crust; niger; ore; sediments; europe; isotopic composition; canadian shield brines; japan; batholith; pegmatites; hercynian granites; silica; melt; france; craton; pegmatite; cathodoluminescence; gardar province; field strength elements; aqueous solutions; yttrium; equation; bearing minerals; amba dongar
#11490.7582008temperature; conductivity; behavior; system; oxide; performance; ionic conductivity; nanoparticles; electrical property; microstructure; oxidation; ceria; ceramics; ceo2; doped ceria; electrical conductivity; gd; thin films; catalysts; growth; oxide fuel cells; powders; electrolytes; phase; fabrication; optical property; particles; cerium oxide; electrolyte; nanocrystals; x ray diffraction; solid solutions; transport; combustion; degradation; reduction; spectroscopy; transition; zirconia; solid-solutions; deposition; raman; solid electrolytes; yttria stabilized zirconia; impedance spectroscopy; size; combustion synthesis; crystal-structure; mixed oxides; fuel cells; hydrothermal synthesis; sm; defect structure; photoluminescence; co; solid oxide fuel cell; anode; low temperature; cathode; electron microscopy; luminescence; methane; ceo2 nanoparticles; co oxidation; morphology; ni; phase transformation; solid oxide fuel cells; chemical synthesis; composite; electrical-conductivity; films; optical properties; sol–gel processes; doped ceo2; electrical properties; electrochemical property; enhancement; layer; luminescence property; rietveld refinement; sol-gel process; atomic layer deposition; catalyst; chemical stability; crystals; fly ash; fuel; nanopowders; nanostructures; sofc; stabilized zirconia; transmission electron microscopy; x ray; ysz; yttria; aids; conversion; cu; decomposition; defect chemistry; energy; film; fluorite phases; la; oxide materials; oxide nanoparticles; permeability; powder; proton conductivity; redox behavior; solid electrolyte; solid state; sr; state; thin-films; up conversion luminescence; alpha; am; anode material; ash; bi2o3; bismuth; capacitors; ce; ceria powders; cerium dioxide; chemical mechanical planarization; composite electrolyte; conductors; coprecipitation; crystal growth; dielectric relaxation; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; fatigue; ferroelectric property; gd3+; gel; gel syntheses; high-resolution transmission electron microscopy; lanthanide compounds; low temperature crystallization; mixed oxide; monodispersed colloidal particles; nanowires; oxygen storage capacity; sc- or y-doped zirconia; sol-gel chemistry
#2740.7552011design; parameters; lanthanide; X-ray diffraction; defects; phase transition; disorder; dynamics; emission; stability; thermal barrier coatings; hydration; structural modifications; cement; a(2)b(2)o(7); low thermal conductivity; fuel cell materials; si; diffusion; ion irradiation; gd2zr2o7; induced amorphization; rare earth; oxides; field; pyrochlores; nd; high temperature; thermal conductivity; crystal structures; copper; pyrochlore; chemical solution deposition; ln; hydrogen; scattering; mechanisms; damage; calcium fluoride; ion; defect fluorite; high-entropy ceramics; radiation tolerance; thermophysical property; phase transitions; caf2; buffer layers; bond valence parameters; xps; resistance; pyrochlore structure; order; dy; immobilization; anion excess fluorites; waste form; model; ca; electronic excitation; crystal structure; transformation; plutonium; gd2ti2o7; gadolinium zirconate; diffraction; mechanical property; raman spectroscopy; thermal-conductivity; systems; irradiation; order disorder transition; fluorite structure; kinetics; alloys
#3530.852014water; solubility; andhra Pradesh; ordos basin; identification; hydrogeochemical processes; chemical composition; equilibria; waters; heavy metals; datong basin; basin; extraction; northwest; drinking-water; groundwater quality; district; quality; andhra-pradesh; contamination; geochemical processes; nalgonda district; saturation index; elements; aluminum; nitrate; dissolution; seawater intrusion; chemistry; fluorosis; geochemical modeling; enrichment mechanism; aquifers; hydrogeochemistry; hydrogen production; area; mobilization; accumulation; iron; region; environment; water-rock interaction; aqueous solution; drinking water; groundwater; mobility; impact; thermodynamic property; river; enrichment; fluoride; aquifer; health risk assessment
#4440.8372013crystal; sodium silicate; carbon dioxide; glass; flotation; mechanism; recovery; water glass; beneficiation; oleoyl sarcosine; slags; carbonate; scheelite; depressants; absorption; sulfate; flotation separation; fluorite; ores; calcite; collector; bastnasite; layers; monolayers; sodium oleate; surface; calcium minerals; molecular dynamics; alkyl oxine; centers; water interface; ions; partial oxidation; selective flotation; precipitation; acid; surface complexation; oleate; separation; concentrate;adsorption; apatite
#570.9941999distance; substitutional cations; excess solid solutions; extended defects; short range order; electrical-property; ac-conductivity
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Gao, Z.; Zhang, C.; McFadzean, B. A Bibliometric Analysis of Fluorite Resource Utilization Technology: Global and Chinese Development in the Past 25 Years. Minerals 2025, 15, 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15070679

AMA Style

Gao Z, Zhang C, McFadzean B. A Bibliometric Analysis of Fluorite Resource Utilization Technology: Global and Chinese Development in the Past 25 Years. Minerals. 2025; 15(7):679. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15070679

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Gao, Zhengbo, Chenxu Zhang, and Belinda McFadzean. 2025. "A Bibliometric Analysis of Fluorite Resource Utilization Technology: Global and Chinese Development in the Past 25 Years" Minerals 15, no. 7: 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15070679

APA Style

Gao, Z., Zhang, C., & McFadzean, B. (2025). A Bibliometric Analysis of Fluorite Resource Utilization Technology: Global and Chinese Development in the Past 25 Years. Minerals, 15(7), 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15070679

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