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Symmetry
Volume 17
Issue 11
10.3390/sym17111854
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Theoretical Analysis of Blood Rheology as a Non-Integer Order Nanofluid Flow with Shape-Dependent Nanoparticles and Thermal Effects

by
Muhammad Shahzaib
and
Azhar Ali Zafar
*
Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Symmetry 2025, 17(11), 1854; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111854
Submission received: 9 September 2025 / Revised: 20 October 2025 / Accepted: 31 October 2025 / Published: 3 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study theoretically investigates blood rheology in arteries by modeling blood as an Oldroyd-B nanofluid with uniformly suspended Au, Cu, and Al2O3 nanoparticles. A fractional order framework is employed to capture memory and hereditary effects while preserving the invariance of governing equations. The influence of nanoparticle geometry is examined by considering spherical (isotropic), cylindrical (axial), and platelet-like (planar) shapes. Using integral transform techniques, a comparative analysis highlights how particle symmetry and system parameters affect flow behavior and heat transfer. Thermal effects are further analyzed as both a contributor to flow resistance and a source of symmetry breaking in conduction, with implications for optimizing nanofluid-based blood rheology in biomedical applications such as cryosurgery.
Keywords: ABC fractional derivative operator; Oldroyd-B fluid; magnetohydrodynamics; integral transforms; nanoparticles ABC fractional derivative operator; Oldroyd-B fluid; magnetohydrodynamics; integral transforms; nanoparticles

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MDPI and ACS Style

Shahzaib, M.; Zafar, A.A. Theoretical Analysis of Blood Rheology as a Non-Integer Order Nanofluid Flow with Shape-Dependent Nanoparticles and Thermal Effects. Symmetry 2025, 17, 1854. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111854

AMA Style

Shahzaib M, Zafar AA. Theoretical Analysis of Blood Rheology as a Non-Integer Order Nanofluid Flow with Shape-Dependent Nanoparticles and Thermal Effects. Symmetry. 2025; 17(11):1854. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111854

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shahzaib, Muhammad, and Azhar Ali Zafar. 2025. "Theoretical Analysis of Blood Rheology as a Non-Integer Order Nanofluid Flow with Shape-Dependent Nanoparticles and Thermal Effects" Symmetry 17, no. 11: 1854. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111854

APA Style

Shahzaib, M., & Zafar, A. A. (2025). Theoretical Analysis of Blood Rheology as a Non-Integer Order Nanofluid Flow with Shape-Dependent Nanoparticles and Thermal Effects. Symmetry, 17(11), 1854. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111854

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