Abstract
In this paper, we present a new definition of higher-order generalized strongly preinvex functions. Moreover, it is observed that the new class of higher-order generalized strongly preinvex functions characterize various new classes as special cases. We acquire a new -integral identity, then employing this identity, we establish several two-variable -integral inequalities of Simpson-type within a class of higher-order generalized strongly preinvex and quasi-preinvex functions. Finally, the utilities of our numerical approximations have concrete applications.
1. Introduction
Quantum calculus or q-calculus is regularly known as “calculus with no limits”, and was first expounded by Jackson in the early the twentieth century, although the historical backdrop of quantum calculus can be traced back to some much earlier work done by Euler and Jacobi et al. (see [1]). Numerous problems require utilizing quantum analytics which incorporates both q-derivatives and q-integrals. Over the ongoing decade, the examination of q-calculus has captivated in light of a legitimate concern from some analylsts, since it has been found to have plenty of utilities in mathematics and physics. The precept goal of q-calculus is that it acts as a bridge between mathematics and physics, and it is a significant tool for researchers working in analytic number theory, special functions, quantum mechanics or mathematical inequalities. In q-calculus, we obtain the q-analogues of mathematical objects which can be recaptured as . q-calculus has potential applications in pure and applied mathematics. In pure mathematics, q-calculus has been implemented in mathematical inequalities to unify q-derivative and q-integral versions of inequalities. For certain examinations on q-calculus see [2,3,4,5,6,7,8].
The concept of convexity has been extended in several directions, since these generalized versions have significant applications in different fields of pure and applied sciences. One of the convincing examples on extensions of convexity is the introduction of invex function, which was introduced by Hanson [9]. Weir et al. [10] proposed the idea of preinvex functions and implemented it to the establishment of sufficient optimality conditions and duality in nonlinear programming. Mohan et al. [11] introduced the well-known condition C.
Due to recent advancements in convexity, Polyak [12], introduced the generalization of convex functions, the so-called strongly convex functions. It is play a crucial role in optimization theory and other fields. For example, Karmardian [13] employed strongly convex functions to discuss the unique existence of a solution of the nonlinear complementarity problems. Strongly convex functions also have significant contribution in the convergence analysis of the iterative methods for solving variational inequalities and equilibrium problems; see Zu and Marcotte [14]. Nikodem and Pales [15] investigated the characterization of the inner product spaces using strongly convex functions, which can be viewed as a novel and innovative application. Qu and Li [16] investigated the exponential stability of primal-dual gradient dynamics using the concept of strongly convex functions. Rashid et al. [17] have derived Hermite–Hadamard type inequalities for various classes of strongly convex functions, which provide upper and lower estimates for the integrand. For moreapplications in the real world and antimatroids, see References [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] and the references therein.
The classical Simpson inequality is described as follows: The function is a four times continuously differentiable, and . Then, one has following inequality:
For more details on inequalities, we refer the interested reader to [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45] and the references cited therein.
The main idea of this research is to introduce several q-integral inequalities of Simpson-type within a class of higher-order generalized strongly preinvex functions on co-ordinates. The quantum integral Simpson type inequality for convex function on co-ordinates is presented by Humaira et al. in [25] and is described as follows
Lemma 1.
If a function is a mixed partial -differentiable function over (the interior of Λ) with being continuous and integrable on with and , then the one has equality:
where
and
In this study, a new concept of higher-order generalized strongly preinvex and quasi-preinvex functions are introduced in this paper. These new concepts take into account the q-calculus. These novelties are a combination of an auxiliary result based on identity which correlates with the -integral. New results are presented and new theorems are established. In addition to this the numerical approximations for the new Definitions 6 and 7 in q-calculus are presented. The newly introduced numerical approximation is used to solve problems in fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, and antimatrioids. The new definition could open new doors of investigation toward preinvexity and q-calculus.
2. Formulations and Basic Facts
Let us recall the formulations and basic facts which are firmly concerned to this paper.
Mititelu [30] defined the notion of invex sets as follows:
Definition 1
([30]). If and be a continuous bifunction, then is said to be invex set
The invex set is also known as the -connected set. Note that, if this means that every convex set is an invex set, but the converse is not true.
The concept of preinvex functions was introduced by Weir and Mond [10] as follows:
Definition 2
([10]). A function is said to be preinvex if
for all
For current research on preinvex functions, concerned readers are referred to [4,8,9,10,11,30,46].
The notion of strongly preinvex functions was introduced by Noor et al. [47].
Definition 3.
A function is said to be a strongly preinvex for modulus if
for all
Here, we introduce a new definition which combines the preinvex functions and the strongly preinvex functions given above.
Definition 4.
A function is said to be a higher-order generalized strongly preinvex for modulus with order if
for all
We now discuss some special cases.
(I) Choosing then the class of generalized strongly preinvex functions reduces to the class of preinvex functions as defined in Definition 2.
(II) Choosing , then the generalized higher-order strongly preinvex function becomes generalized strongly preinvex functions, that is,
Definition 5.
A function is said to be a generalized strongly preinvex for modulus if
for all
(III) Choosing , then we obtain the higher-order generalized strongly convex function
Definition 6.
A function is said to be a higher-order generalized strongly convex for modulus with order if
for all
Definition 7.
A function is said to be a higher-order generalized strongly quasi-preinvex for modulus with order if
for all
For appropriate and suitable choice of the bifunction , and one can obtain various new and known classes of higher-order generalized strongly preinvex and quasi-preinvex functions. This shows that the higher-order generalized strongly preinvex and quasi-preinvex functions involving the bifunction is quite a general and unifying one. One can explore the applications of higher-order generalized strongly preinvex and quasi-preinvex function; however, this is another direction for further research.
Recall some basic definitions and properties on q-analogue for single and double variables. Let with constant and let with constants , .
Tariboon et al. [2,3] introduced the formula of q-derivative, q-integral and related properties for one variable function, as follows:
Definition 8.
Assume that a mapping is continuous and . Then one has q-derivative of Ψ on at s is defined as
It is obvious that
we say that Ψ is said to be q-differentiable over , moreover Ψ exists ∀.
Definition 9.
Suppose that a continuous mapping is is q-differentiable and is denoted by , if
Similarly, a higher-order q-differentiable is defined as Ψ.
Definition 10.
Assume that a mapping is continuous. Then the q-integral on is defined by
for .
Moreover if into (4), then we get the following formula of the q-integral, which is denoted as
Theorem 1.
Assume that a mapping is continuous, then the following properties hold:
Theorem 2.
Assuming that a mapping is continuous and , we have the following properties:
Humaira et al. [45] developed the theory of quantum integral inequalities for two-variables functions and introduced -Simpson-type form inequalities for two-variables functions over finite rectangles.
Definition 11.
Assume that a mapping of two variables is continuous. Then partial -derivative, -derivative and -derivative at are, respectively, defined as:
The function Ψ is called partially - - and -differentiable on if , and exist for all
Definition 12.
Assume that a mapping of two variables is continuous. Then the definite -integral on are described as
for .
Theorem 3.
Assume that a mapping of two variables is continuous, then the following properties hold:
Theorem 4.
Assume that are continuous mappings of two variables. Then the following properties hold for
3. Auxiliary Result
Lemma 2.
Assume that is a mixed partial -differentiable function on (the interior of Λ) with being continuous and integrable on for and , then one has the following equality:
where
and
Proof.
Now, we consider
By the definition of partial -derivatives and definite -integrals, we have
We observe that
Similarly, in the same way we can compute the outcomes of the rest of the three -integrals, respectively, and by adding all of the -integrals we get the following result:
By multiplying both sides of (7) by , we get the desired result. □
4. Main Results
In order to provide compact demonstration, we are capable to determine the two-variables -integral inequalities of Simpson-type involving the class higher-order generalized strongly preinvex and quasi-preinvex functions.
Theorem 5.
Assume that is a mixed partial -differentiable function on (the interior of Λ) with being continuous and integrable on for and . If is a coordinated higher-order generalized strongly preinvex function, then one has following inequality:
where , , , , , and are given by
Proof.
Utilizing Lemma 2 and the fact that is a coordinated higher-order generalized strongly preinvex function, we have
In view of the Definitions 11 and 12, we get
Putting the above calculations into (8), we obtain
Similarly, by computing the -integral, by using Definitions 11 and 12 on the right-hand side of (9), we have
Hence, we deduce the required result. □
Theorem 6.
Assume that is a mixed partial -differentiable function on (the interior of Λ) with being continuous and integrable on for and . If is a coordinated higher-order generalized strongly preinvex function where , then one has the following inequality:
where
and , , , , , and are given by the same expressions as described in Theorem 5.
Proof.
Utilizing Lemma 2, the Hölder inequality and the fact that is a coordinated higher-order generalized strongly preinvex function, we have
In view of Definitions 11 and 12, we get
and obtain the integral expressions of , , , , , and , which have the same formulas as those given in Theorem 5.
We observe that
Utilizing the values of the above -integrals, we get our required inquality. □
Theorem 7.
Assume that is a mixed partial -differentiable function on (the interior of Λ) with being continuous and integrable on for and . If is a coordinated higher-order generalized strongly quasi-preinvex function where , then one has the following inequality
where , and are given by the same expressions as described in Theorems 5 and 6.
Proof.
Utilizing Lemma 2, the Hölder inequality and the fact that is a coordinated higher-order generalized strongly quasi-preinvex function, we have
and can obtain the integral expressions of , and , which have the same formulae as those given in Theorems 5 and 6. This completes our result. □
5. Conclusions
A new concept of higher-order generalized strongly preinvex functions with different kind of preinvexities is presented. Meanwhile, we establish an identity connected with two-variable -differentiable functions. Further, We derived several new consequences for the Simpson-type integral inequities by using the coordinated higher-order generalized strongly preinvex and quasi-preinvex function concerning quantum integrals. Here, we emphasize that all the derived outcomes in the present paper endured preserving for strongly preinvex functions, certainly, which can be seen by the unique values of , and .The newly introduced numerical approximation can be used to solve problems in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics. We hope that the novel strategies of this paper will inspire researchers working in functional analysis (regarding uniform smoothness of norms in Banach space) [48], probability and statistics (by assessing the human behavior in mathematical psychology) [19]. This is a new path for future research.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization and Writing—original draft by H.K. Writing—review and editing by S.R. and D.B. Formal analysis by M.I. and Funding acquisition, Validation by Y.-M.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by Zhejiang University, China.
Acknowledgments
The first author Humaira Kalsoom would like to express sincere thanks to the Chinese Government for providing full scholarship for PhD studies.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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