Interaction between Floral Merism and Symmetry: Evidence from Fasciated Mutant of Lupinus angustifolius L. (Leguminosae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Vegetative Morphology of Fasciated vs. Normal Plants
3.2. Normal Flower Development and Structure in Lupinus angustifolius
3.3. Floral Structure in Fasciated Mutant
4. Discussion
4.1. Phenotype of Fasciated Mutant of L. angustifolius Results from Superfluous Proliferation of Meristems
4.2. Different Floral Domains Are Affected with Unequal Frequencies
4.3. A Multicarpellate State in Fasciated Mutant Results from Proliferation of Floral Meristem (FM)
5. Conclusions
- The vegetative anomalies of fasciated mutant of L. angustifolius result from uncontrolled proliferation of SAM leading to initiation of superfluous structures, i.e., leaves and leaflets, asymmetric leaf arrangement on nodes and changes in phyllotaxis. As it was described by [2], the fasciated phenotype is caused by a mutation in a single gene. We hereby conclude that normal function of this gene is the negative regulation of SAM size. The causative mutation has a pleiotropic action leading both to SAM enlargement and to the increase of floral merism.
- Floral fasciation does not interfere with a control of monosymmetry, so in fasciated flowers all three types of petals differentiate properly.
- In fasciated flowers, different whorls are affected with unequal frequency. The least stable is the latest initiated inner whorl of the androecium.
- If judged by corolla, the lateral floral domains are the most susceptible to initiation of supernumerary organs with much higher frequency than the abaxial and adaxial domains. Thus, the petals positioned in (or close to) the medial plane of flower symmetry, are less prone to fluctuation. The stability of different corolla domains decreases in the following order: adaxial–abaxial–lateral.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Superfluous Organ(s) | Percent of Anomalous Flowers |
---|---|
Adaxial petal (flag) | 2.9% |
Lateral petals (wings) | 68.6% |
Abaxial petals (keel) | 5.7% |
Outer staminal whorl | 54.3% |
Inner staminal whorl | 85.7% |
Gynoecium | 20.0% |
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Sinjushin, A.A.; Bykova, E.A.; Choob, V.V. Interaction between Floral Merism and Symmetry: Evidence from Fasciated Mutant of Lupinus angustifolius L. (Leguminosae). Symmetry 2019, 11, 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11030321
Sinjushin AA, Bykova EA, Choob VV. Interaction between Floral Merism and Symmetry: Evidence from Fasciated Mutant of Lupinus angustifolius L. (Leguminosae). Symmetry. 2019; 11(3):321. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11030321
Chicago/Turabian StyleSinjushin, Andrey A., Ekaterina A. Bykova, and Vladimir V. Choob. 2019. "Interaction between Floral Merism and Symmetry: Evidence from Fasciated Mutant of Lupinus angustifolius L. (Leguminosae)" Symmetry 11, no. 3: 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11030321