Resilience Assessment, Type Identification and Spatial Zoning of Traditional Villages from a Tripartite Attribute Perspective: A Case Study of Jincheng City, Shanxi Province, China

Rapid urbanization and the urban-rural dualism are subjecting traditional villages to various slow-onset disturbances. The resilience of traditional villages (RTV) has become essential for their sustainable development. By measuring, classifying, and zoning RTV, this study aims to reveal its actual state and heterogeneous characteristics, thereby offering clear guidance for differentiated sustainable development strategies in traditional villages. From an integrated perspective of the tripartite attributes of traditional villages, this study develops an RTV assessment framework comprising three dimensions: structural persistability (SP) as vernacular heritage, functional adaptability (FA) as rural communities, and industrial transformability (IT) as tourism resources. Using hierarchical clustering, the obstacle degree model, the optimal parameters-based geographical detector, and spatially weighted hierarchical clustering, this study identifies distinct RTV types, along with their statistical distributions, key constraints, and spatial patterns. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) Most traditional villages in Jincheng exhibit low or medium-low levels of resilience. Moreover, the three dimensions of RTV are unevenly developed, with the IT dimension lagging markedly behind the others. (2) The key obstacles to enhancing RTV are the scarcity of high-value heritage resources, insufficient public services, low regional socioeconomic vitality, low public visibility, a scarcity of high-quality tourism assets, inadequate tourism support facilities, and a limited local tourism supply market. (3) Jincheng’s traditional villages cluster into four resilience-based zones, enabling a regional approach to their conservation.