Impact of Agricultural Land Loss on Rural Livelihoods in Peri-Urban Areas: Empirical Evidence from Sebougou, Mali
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Variables
2.2.1. Explained Variables
2.2.2. Control (Socioeconomic) Variables
2.2.3. Explanatory Variables for Agricultural Land Loss
2.3. Models
2.4. Data Collection
3. Results
3.1. Consequences of the Urban Expansion of Ségou on the Municipality of Sebougou
3.2. Causes of the Loss of Agricultural Land in Sebougou Facing the Urbanization of Ségou
3.3. Change in Use of Agricultural Land and Loss of Family Farms
4. Discussion
4.1. Impact of Land Management Crises on Rural Livelihoods
4.2. Effects of Decentralization and the Creation of Rural Municipalities
4.3. Impacts of IMF and World Bank Policies
4.4. The Limits of Land Reforms
4.5. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions and Policy Implications
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Policy Implications
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Unit | N | Categories |
---|---|---|---|
Annual income | F CFA | 120 | (1) <200,000; (2) 200,000–299,999; (3) 300,000–399,999; (5) ≥400,000 |
Socioeconomic | |||
Age | Year | 120 | (1) 20–30; (2) 31–40; (3) 41–50; (4) 51–60; (5) 61–70; (6) 71–80; (7) >80 |
Gender | 1 = Male; 0 = Female | ||
Socio-professional structure | 120 | (1) Peasant farmer; (2) Gardener; (3) Fisherman; (4) Sand operator; (5) Caregiver help; (6) Hairdresser; (7) Plumber | |
Family size | person | 120 | (1) 0–9; (2) 10–15; (3) ≥16 |
Migration | 120 | (1) Yes; (2) No | |
Employment | 120 | (1) Yes; (2) No | |
Children school attendance | 120 | (1) Yes; (2) No | |
Family’s health care | 120 | (1) Yes; (2) No | |
Supporting children’s education | 120 | (1) Yes; (2) No | |
Loss of agricultural land | |||
Land size | ha | 120 | (1) <1; (2) 1–4.9; (3) 5–8.9; (4) 9–12.9; (5) ≥13 |
Food problem | Family | 120 | (1) Yes; (2) No |
Land registration | 120 | (1) Yes; (2) No | |
Victims of urbanization | Person | 120 | (1) Yes; (2) No |
Mode of access to land | 120 | (1) Intra lineage access; (2) Purchase | |
Compensation | 72 | (1) Yes; (2) No | |
Land loss due to low yield | 120 | (1) Yes; (2) No |
Variables | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|
Age (y) | 56.6 | 1.8 |
Family size (person) | 13.4 | 0.5 |
Land size (ha) | 4.54 | 0.59 |
Annual income (FCFA) | 222,500 | 13,266 |
Independent Variables | Coefficients | t | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Β | Std. Error | |||
Age | 0.629 *** | 0.054 | 11.646 | 0.000 |
Socio-professional structure | 0.639 *** | 0.076 | 8.385 | 0.000 |
Land size | 0.122 ** | 0.042 | 2.896 | 0.005 |
Level of education | 0.739 *** | 0.180 | 4.102 | 0.000 |
Family size | −0.485 ** | 0.156 | −3.101 | 0.002 |
Food problem | −0.150 | 0.109 | −1.383 | 0.170 |
Gender | −0.442 ** | 0.168 | −2.633 | 0.010 |
Family member in migration | 0.058 | 0.109 | 0.536 | 0.593 |
Land registration | 0.751 | 0.502 | −1.496 | 0.138 |
(Constant) | −1.428 | 0.496 | −2.878 | 0.005 |
Variables | β | p-Value | z2 | Exp (β) | Collinearity Stats. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tolerance | VIF | |||||
Land size | −3.321 ** | 7.777 | 0.005 | 0.036 | 0.746 | 1.341 |
Level of education | −14.221 | 0.000 | 0.999 | 0.000 | 0.534 | 1.874 |
Land title ownership | 1.379 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 3.969 | 0.826 | 1.210 |
Annual income | −7.068 ** | 6.516 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.410 | 2.438 |
Gender | −3.622 | 0.339 | 0.561 | 0.027 | 0.562 | 1.779 |
Land loss due to low yield | 4.981 ** | 6.382 | 0.012 | 145.655 | 0.712 | 1.404 |
Youth out-migration | 3.198 * | 3.545 | 0.060 | 24.479 | 0.732 | 1.367 |
Age | 3.664 ** | 7.656 | 0.006 | 39.013 | 0.149 | 6.731 |
Family size | −16.931 ** | 6.299 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.230 | 4.352 |
Constant | −22.982 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 9.570E9 |
Observed | Predicted | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Are You a Victim of Urbanization? | Percentage Correct | |||
No | Yes | |||
Are you a victim of urbanization? | No | 46 | 2 | 95.8 |
Yes | 1 | 71 | 98.6 | |
Overall percentage | 97.5 |
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Coulibaly, B.; Li, S. Impact of Agricultural Land Loss on Rural Livelihoods in Peri-Urban Areas: Empirical Evidence from Sebougou, Mali. Land 2020, 9, 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9120470
Coulibaly B, Li S. Impact of Agricultural Land Loss on Rural Livelihoods in Peri-Urban Areas: Empirical Evidence from Sebougou, Mali. Land. 2020; 9(12):470. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9120470
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoulibaly, Brahima, and Shixiang Li. 2020. "Impact of Agricultural Land Loss on Rural Livelihoods in Peri-Urban Areas: Empirical Evidence from Sebougou, Mali" Land 9, no. 12: 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9120470
APA StyleCoulibaly, B., & Li, S. (2020). Impact of Agricultural Land Loss on Rural Livelihoods in Peri-Urban Areas: Empirical Evidence from Sebougou, Mali. Land, 9(12), 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9120470