Spatial Layout Analysis and Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Chongqing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methods and Data Sources
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Research Approach
2.3. Methodology and Model
2.3.1. EV Charging Infrastructure Supply—Accessibility
- (1)
- Charging station service capability
- (2)
- The total cost of charging at the charging station
- (3)
- The accessibility value of EV charging infrastructure at sample sites
- (4)
- Accessibility value of electric vehicle charging infrastructure in the central urban area of Chongqing
2.3.2. EV Charging Infrastructure Demand—Kernel Density Value
2.3.3. Balance of Supply and Demand of EV Charging Infrastructure—Balance Index
2.3.4. Spatial Layout Optimization of EV Charging Infrastructure—Optimization Value
2.3.5. EV Charging Infrastructure Location and Capacity Setting Options—Questionnaire Measurement and Hierarchical Analysis
2.4. Data Source and Processing
3. Analysis of the Results
3.1. Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Post Supply
3.2. Supply–Demand Matching Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Posts
3.3. EV Charging Posts Spatial Layout Optimization Goals and Ideas
3.4. Spatial Layout Optimization Scheme of Electric Vehicle Charging Stack
3.4.1. Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Site Selection Index System and Weight
- (1)
- Building the Hierarchical Structure Model
- (2)
- Reliability and Validity Analysis of the Measurement Questionnaire
- (3)
- Construction of the Judgment Matrix
- (4)
- Index Weight and Consistency Test
3.4.2. Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Layout Optimization Scheme
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The spatial differentiation of charging infrastructure configuration and demand in the central urban area of Chongqing is obvious and shows strong centrality. On a large scale, the core density value, availability value, and optimization value all gradually decrease from Yuzhong District to the surrounding area. On a small scale, some local centers also produce similar phenomena in local areas. The main reason for this phenomenon is the difference in regional economic development levels and population differences.
- (2)
- It is a common phenomenon that the demand for charging infrastructure in the central urban area of Chongqing exceeds the supply. The speed and quality of the construction of charging infrastructure cannot meet the growing demand for electric vehicles. Approximately 80% of the areas are in short supply, and building new charging infrastructure is urgently needed.
- (3)
- Local centers should be considered first when optimizing the construction of charging infrastructure. When selecting a specific construction site, a field survey should be conducted, taking into account various factors such as economy and traffic. At the same time, the charging infrastructure should ensure the operation process to reduce the impact of nonelectric vehicle crowding and equipment failure without maintenance on the operation efficiency.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region Grade | Evaluation Results |
---|---|
Level 1 area | There is no shortage of supply unless there is an exceptional circumstance. |
Level 2 area | There are occasional shortages of supply except during special peak periods. It is recommended that charging posts be added to such points only when the planning targets are not met, as appropriate. |
Level 3 area | There is mostly a supply shortage problem during the peak period. It is recommended to use the value of this section as the balance value. |
Level 4 area | Only one sample exists within the study area, and this sample site is undersupplied only at particular times. |
Level 5 area | Only one sample exists within the research area, and the charging post is not open to the public. |
KMO sampling appropriateness measure | 0.879 | |
Bartlett sphericity test | Approximate chi-square | 1009.770 |
Degrees of freedom | 190 | |
Significance | 0.000 |
Content | The Saaty Scale | |
---|---|---|
0 | is of equal importance to | 1 |
(0.18, 0.36] | is slightly more important than , | 3 |
(0.54, 0.72] | is considerably more important than | 5 |
(0.90, 1.08] | is more important than | 7 |
(1.26, ) | is more important than | 9 |
Indicators | Weight | Combination Weight |
---|---|---|
A. Geographic factors | 0.2376 | - |
A1. Transportation accessibility | 0.2656 | 0.0631 |
A2. Supporting facilities | 0.4228 | 0.1005 |
A3.Transmission and distribution network | 0.1744 | 0.0414 |
A4. Traffic density | 0.1372 | 0.0326 |
B. Economic factors | 0.0949 | - |
B1. Investment construction costs | 0.1958 | 0.0186 |
B2. Operation and maintenance costs | 0.4934 | 0.0468 |
B3. Revenue | 0.3108 | 0.0295 |
C. Consumer demand and behavioral factors | 0.3632 | - |
C1. Priority for unbuilt areas | 0.1958 | 0.0711 |
C2. User preference area priority | 0.3108 | 0.1129 |
C3. High-demand areas are preferred | 0.4934 | 0.1792 |
D. Policy factors | 0.1257 | - |
D1. Policy Preference | 0.3108 | 0.0391 |
D2. Construction standards | 0.1958 | 0.0246 |
D3. Planning Objectives | 0.4934 | 0.0620 |
E. Safety factors | 0.1795 | - |
E1. Maximum load on the power grid | 0.6667 | 0.1197 |
E2. Safe distance | 0.3333 | 0.0598 |
Sample Information | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coordinates of additional reference points (CGCS2000) | 638,485.524 3,301,976.728 | 634,897.446 3,299,056.463 | 648,089.202 3,274,887.625 | 652,518.551 3,272,672.95 |
Specific address | Chongbai Shopping Center parking lot, Tiansheng New Village No. 63, Beibei, Chongqing. | Haiyu Hotel parking lot, No. 198 Shuangyuan Avenue, Beibei, Chongqing. | Longhu North Shore Constellation underground parking lot, Beicheng Tianjie No. 4, Guanyin Bridge, Jiangbei Chongqing. | Da Rong City underground parking lot, Yingli No. 26 Minquan Road, Jiefangbei, Yuzhong, Chongqing. |
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Wang, Z.; Yang, Q.; Wang, C.; Wang, L. Spatial Layout Analysis and Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Chongqing. Land 2023, 12, 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12040868
Wang Z, Yang Q, Wang C, Wang L. Spatial Layout Analysis and Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Chongqing. Land. 2023; 12(4):868. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12040868
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zixuan, Qingyuan Yang, Chuwen Wang, and Lanxi Wang. 2023. "Spatial Layout Analysis and Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Chongqing" Land 12, no. 4: 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12040868