Exploring the Determinants of the Relationships between the Land-Based Sectors with the Wider Rural Business Base in Scotland: An Empirical Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Perspectives
3. Literature Review
4. Data and Methodology
4.1. Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Empirical Analysis
4.3. Dependent Variables
4.4. Independent Variables
5. Empirical Results and Discussion
5.1. The Determinants of the Relationships between Non-Land-Based Businesses and Land-Based Sectors in Scotland
5.2. The Determinants of the Relationships between Land-Based Sectors and Non-Land-Based Businesses in Rural Scotland
5.3. Exploring Differences in Business Performance, Future Plans and Business Challenges among Non-Land-Based Business in Different Rural Town Classifications
6. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
7. Limitations and Future Research Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | In line with Thomson et al. [3], this study adopts the term ‘non-land-based businesses’ to refer to businesses that are not in the land-based sectors, since the observations in this study include businesses providing services, as well as those engaged in manufacturing or other types of production. |
2 | The ‘financial and other activities’ sector consists of financial and insurance activities, real estate activities, professional, scientific and technical activities, administrative and support service activities, arts, entertainment and recreation and other service activities [2]. |
3 | Crofters traditionally refer to small-scale farmers who work on small plots of land, often on the fringes of the Highlands and Islands. These crofters are typically tenants who rent their land from larger landowners or estates, and grow crops or raise livestock for their own use or for sale. |
4 | For example, areas with a population of fewer than 3000 people, and within a 30 min drive time of a settlement of 10,000 or more, are classified as accessible rural areas. Areas with settlements of 3000 to 9999 people, and with a drive time of over 30 min to a settlement of 10,000 or more, are classified as remote small towns (See the Scottish Government’s Urban Rural Classification 2016 from the Scottish Government [13]). |
5 | The results of the multicollinearity test can be made available upon request. |
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Variable | Description | Non-Land-Based Businesses | Non-Land-Based Rural Businesses | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Obs | Mean | S.D. | Obs | Mean | S.D. | ||
Dependent | |||||||
FARM | Whether businesses have a relationship with the farming/agriculture sector (dummy) | 1485 | 0.568 | 0.496 | 854 | 0.632 | 0.482 |
FOREST | Whether businesses have a relationship with the forestry sector (dummy) | 1486 | 0.241 | 0.428 | 855 | 0.280 | 0.449 |
ESTATE | Whether businesses have a relationship with the landed-estate sector (dummy) | 1477 | 0.312 | 0.464 | 848 | 0.358 | 0.480 |
Independent | |||||||
RURAL | Whether businesses are located in rural areas (dummy) | 1500 | 0.575 | 0.494 | - | - | - |
TOWN | Whether businesses are located in small towns (dummy) | 1500 | 0.195 | 0.397 | - | - | - |
FAMILY | Whether businesses are family businesses (dummy) | 1500 | 0.401 | 0.490 | 863 | 0.463 | 0.499 |
ABERDEEN | Whether businesses are located in the Aberdeenshire region (dummy) | 1500 | 0.280 | 0.449 | 863 | 0.276 | 0.447 |
BORDER | Whether businesses are located in the Borders region (dummy) | 1500 | 0.220 | 0.414 | 863 | 0.268 | 0.443 |
DUMGAL | Whether businesses are located in the Dumfries and Galloway region (dummy) | 1500 | 0.220 | 0.414 | 863 | 0.219 | 0.414 |
FEMALE | Whether businesses have female board members (positions) (dummy) | 1491 | 0.364 | 0.481 | 858 | 0.355 | 0.479 |
IMPORT | Whether businesses source supplies of goods or services (i.e., inputs) outside Scotland (dummy) | 1324 | 0.242 | 0.429 | 763 | 0.229 | 0.421 |
EXPORT | Whether businesses sell goods/services outside Scotland (dummy) | 1379 | 0.163 | 0.370 | 788 | 0.184 | 0.388 |
SMALL | Whether businesses are small businesses (dummy) | 1489 | 0.150 | 0.357 | 859 | 0.134 | 0.341 |
MED | Whether businesses are medium businesses (dummy) | 1489 | 0.028 | 0.164 | 859 | 0.014 | 0.117 |
LARGE | Whether businesses are large businesses (dummy) | 1489 | 0.069 | 0.253 | 859 | 0.035 | 0.184 |
ONLINE | Whether online sales are important for businesses (dummy) | 1500 | 0.206 | 0.405 | 863 | 0.217 | 0.412 |
SOMEDIA | Whether social media is important for businesses (dummy) | 1500 | 0.304 | 0.460 | 863 | 0.305 | 0.461 |
GOVSER | Whether access to government services is important for businesses (dummy) | 1500 | 0.295 | 0.456 | 863 | 0.309 | 0.463 |
PRIMARY | Whether businesses operate their businesses in primary industries (dummy) | 1497 | 0.036 | 0.187 | 861 | 0.053 | 0.225 |
MANU | Whether businesses operate their businesses in manufacturing (dummy) | 1497 | 0.062 | 0.241 | 861 | 0.070 | 0.255 |
CONSTR | Whether businesses operate their businesses in construction (dummy) | 1497 | 0.116 | 0.320 | 861 | 0.125 | 0.331 |
WHOLE | Whether businesses operate their businesses in wholesale and retail trade (dummy) | 1497 | 0.270 | 0.444 | 861 | 0.229 | 0.420 |
ACCOM | Whether businesses operate their businesses in accommodation and food service activities (dummy) | 1497 | 0.150 | 0.357 | 861 | 0.177 | 0.381 |
INFORM | Whether businesses operate their businesses in information and communication (dummy) | 1497 | 0.015 | 0.120 | 861 | 0.017 | 0.131 |
FINANCE | Whether businesses operate their businesses in financial and insurance activities (dummy) | 1497 | 0.017 | 0.128 | 861 | 0.006 | 0.076 |
PROFESS | Whether businesses operate their businesses in professional, scientific and technical industries (dummy) | 1497 | 0.081 | 0.273 | 861 | 0.060 | 0.238 |
ADMIN | Whether businesses operate their businesses in administrative and support services (dummy) | 1497 | 0.075 | 0.264 | 861 | 0.093 | 0.290 |
HEALTH | Whether businesses operate their businesses in human health and social work activities (dummy) | 1497 | 0.020 | 0.140 | 861 | 0.013 | 0.112 |
ARTS | Whether businesses operate their businesses in arts, entertainment and recreation (dummy) | 1497 | 0.053 | 0.225 | 861 | 0.066 | 0.249 |
AGELESS5 | Whether the age of the business is between 0 and 5 years (dummy) | 1482 | 0.076 | 0.264 | 852 | 0.077 | 0.267 |
AGEOVER25 | Whether the age of the business is 25 years and more (dummy) | 1482 | 0.410 | 0.492 | 852 | 0.426 | 0.495 |
STAFF | Whether recruiting skilled staff is a major constraint for businesses (dummy) | 1436 | 0.193 | 0.395 | 827 | 0.203 | 0.403 |
TRAINING | Whether access to training is a major constraint for businesses (dummy) | 1424 | 0.088 | 0.284 | 817 | 0.083 | 0.276 |
CASHFLOW | Whether cash flow is a major constraint for businesses (dummy) | 1447 | 0.345 | 0.475 | 830 | 0.387 | 0.487 |
GOVFIN | Whether government financial support is a major constraint for businesses (dummy) | 1410 | 0.232 | 0.422 | 815 | 0.275 | 0.447 |
ADVICE | Whether access to business advice is a major constraint for businesses (dummy) | 1441 | 0.083 | 0.275 | 830 | 0.094 | 0.292 |
CONNECT | Whether digital connectivity is a major constraint for businesses (dummy) | 1432 | 0.297 | 0.457 | 825 | 0.335 | 0.472 |
SUPPLIER | Whether access to appropriate suppliers is a major constraint for businesses (dummy) | 1445 | 0.177 | 0.382 | 836 | 0.159 | 0.366 |
NEWMARKET | Whether access to new markets is a major constraint for businesses (dummy) | 1423 | 0.134 | 0.340 | 823 | 0.146 | 0.353 |
CUSTOMER | Whether finding and retaining customers are major constraints for businesses (dummy) | 1454 | 0.312 | 0.463 | 836 | 0.321 | 0.467 |
Model I (Farming) | Model II (Forestry) | Model III (Landed Estate) | |
---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | |
RURAL | 0.706 *** (0.169) | 0.764 *** (0.206) | 0.542 *** (0.185) |
TOWN | 0.252 (0.197) | 0.357 (0.242) | 0.086 (0.223) |
FAMILY | 0.121 (0.136) | 0.066 (0.156) | −0.217 (0.145) |
ABERDEEN | −0.251 (0.172) | −0.447 ** (0.208) | −0.415 ** (0.193) |
BORDERS | 0.113 (0.188) | −0.214 (0.214) | 0.102 (0.198) |
DUMGAL | 0.560 *** (0.192) | 0.404 * (0.210) | 0.152 (0.199) |
FEMALE | −0.149 (0.141) | −0.305 * (0.169) | −0.325 ** (0.156) |
IMPORT | 0.273 * (0.165) | 0.332 * (0.184) | 0.313 * (0.171) |
EXPORT | −0.003 (0.195) | 0.331 (0.209) | 0.045 (0.251) |
SMALL | 0.421 ** (0.185) | 0.550 *** (0.206) | 0.509 ** (0.202) |
MED | −0.126 (0.410) | 0.160 (0.492) | −0.268 (0.457) |
LARGE | 0.771 ** (0.307) | 0.584 * (0.318) | 0.278 (0.300) |
ONLINE | 0.237 (0.184) | 0.262 (0.194) | 0.298 (0.196) |
SOMEDIA | −0.007 (0.152) | −0.190 (0.179) | −0.004 (0.164) |
GOVSER | 0.243 (0.151) | 0.136 (0.166) | 0.385 ** (0.153) |
PRIMARY | 1.061 *** (0.405) | 1.195 *** (0.407) | 0.563 (0.401) |
MANU | 0.274 (0.320) | 0.181 (0.368) | −0.122 (0.371) |
CONSTR | 0.525 * (0.282) | −0.681 (0.362) | 0.333 (0.300) |
WHOLE | 0.633 *** (0.241) | 0.150 (0.278) | 0.288 (0.258) |
ACCOM | 0.135 (0.270) | −0.154 (0.314) | −0.226 (0.302) |
INFORM | −0.469 (0.619) | −0.712 (0.844) | −1.892 * (0.983) |
FINANCE | 0.763 (0.552) | 0.969 * (0.582) | 0.503 (0.661) |
PROFESS | 1.103 *** (0.330) | 0.501 (0.342) | 0.903 *** (0.328) |
ADMIN | 1.058 *** (0.338) | −0.002 (0.382) | 0.458 (0.334) |
HEALTH | 0.315 (0.540) | −0.209 (0.634) | −0.218 (0.624) |
ARTS | 0.168 (0.372) | 0.218 (0.384) | 0.297 (0.381) |
AGELESS5 | 0.328 (0.260) | 0.350 (0.288) | 0.161 (0.263) |
AGEOVER25 | 0.297 ** (0.140) | 0.061 (0.161) | 0.088 (0.149) |
STAFF | 0.204 (0.183) | 0.120 (0.207) | 0.705 *** (0.184) |
TRAINING | 0.257 (0.266) | 0.204 (0.290) | 0.555 ** (0.262) |
CASH | 0.338 ** (0.161) | 0.436 ** (0.180) | 0.415 ** (0.165) |
GOVFIN | 0.287 (0.180) | 0.043 (0.192) | −0.160 (0.179) |
ADVICE | −0.056 (0.259) | −0.024 (0.297) | −0.025 (0.273) |
CONNECT | 0.139 (0.156) | 0.231 (0.171) | 0.330 ** (0.161) |
SUPPLIER | −0.476 ** (0.90) | −0.361 (0.222) | −0.317 (0.203) |
NEWMARKET | −0.555 ** (0.220) | −0.281 (0.254) | −0.286 (0.230) |
CUSTOMER | −0.034 (0.156) | −0.179 (0.186) | −0.330 ** (0.167) |
Constant | −1.213 *** (0.296) | −2.079 *** (0.348) | −1.650 *** (0.323) |
Observation | 1116 | 1118 | 1116 |
Wald chi2(37) | 106.09 | 97.68 | 114.13 |
Prob > chi2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Correctly classified (%) | 70.96% | 76.03% | 70.25% |
Model IV (Farming) | Model V (Forestry) | Model VI (Landed Estate) | |
---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | |
FAMILY | −0.123 (0.184) | 0.051 (0.198) | −0.189 (0.190) |
ABERDEEN | −0.371 (0.247) | −0.187 (0.262) | −0.140 (0.253) |
BORDERS | −0.120 (0.246) | −0.278 (0.259) | 0.088 (0.252) |
DUMGAL | 0.256 (0.281) | −0.070 (0.283) | 0.021 (0.275) |
FEMALE | −0.003 (0.196) | −0.285 (0.213) | −0.526 ** (0.207) |
IMPORT | 0.484 ** (0.236) | 0.479 ** (0.234) | 0.669 *** (0.232) |
EXPORT | 0.105 (0.263) | 0.581 ** (0.267) | 0.304 (0.278) |
SMALL | 0.890 *** (0.291) | 0.391 (0.275) | 0.449 (0.274) |
MED | −0.520 (0.43) | −0.430 (0.950) | −1.463 (0.865) |
LARGE | 0.775 (0.640) | 0.040 (0.526) | 0.179 (0.179) |
ONLINE | −0.126 (0.246) | 0.073 (0.250) | 0.124 (0.271) |
SOMEDIA | 0.023 (0.209) | −0.055 (0.230) | 0.024 (0.225) |
GOVSER | 0.408 * (0.211) | −0.030 (0.214) | 0.356 * (0.225) |
PRIMARY | 1.485 *** (0.489) | 1.128 ** (0.467) | 0.553 (0.475) |
MANU | 0.563 (0.421) | −0.078 (0.471) | −0.491 (482) |
CONSTR | 1.017 *** (0.371) | −0.736 * (0.443) | 0.361 (0.380) |
WHOLE | 0.831 ** (0.338) | 0.202 (0.358) | 0.300 (0.337) |
ACCOM | 0.477 (0.370) | −0.292 (0.394) | −0.216 (0.388) |
INFORM | −0.288 (0.767) | −1.480 (1.115) | −1.947 ** (0.989) |
FINANCE | 0.202 (0.202) | - | 0.926 (0.388) |
PROFESS | 0.775 * (0.457) | 0.061 (0.473) | 0.003 (0.424) |
ADMIN | 1.457 *** (0.455) | −0.156 (0.469) | 0.304 (0.425) |
HEALTH | 0.340 (0.807) | −1.277 (0.997) | - |
ARTS | 0.521 (0.471) | 0.347 (0.461) | 0.308 (0.490) |
AGELESS5 | 0.238 (0.238) | 0.346 (0.341) | 0.118 (0.346) |
AGEOVER25 | 0.527 *** (0.191) | 0.244 (0.210) | 0.181 (0.197) |
STAFF | 0.107 (0.244) | 0.222 (0.252) | 0.850 *** (0.245) |
TRAINING | 0.089 (0.372) | 0.134 (0.400) | 0.425 (0.380) |
CASH | 0.366 ** (0.246) | 0.525 ** (0.230) | 0.630 *** (0.221) |
GOVFIN | 0.420 * (0.234) | 0.105 (0.238) | −0.343 (0.230) |
ADVICE | 0.437 (0.365) | −0.090 (0.371) | 0.336 (0.336) |
CONNECT | 0.145 (0.204) | 0.236 (0.220) | 0.428 ** (0.209) |
SUPPLIER | −0.392 (0.272) | −0.244 (0.302) | 0.133 (0.284) |
NEWMARKET | −0.511 * (0.301)) | −0.219 (0.327) | −0.496 (0.313) |
CUSTOMER | −0.013 (0.216) | −0.229 (0.234) | −0.216 (0.224) |
Constant | −0.721 ** (0.377) | −1.311 *** (0.417) | −1.314 ** (0.389) |
Observation | 638 | 637 | 630 |
Wald chi2(35) | 65.85 | 64.23 | 80.19 |
Prob > chi2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Correctly classified (%) | 67.76% | 73.16% | 69.62% |
Annual Turnover | Farming (%) | Forestry (%) | Landed Estate (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | |
Less than GBP 50,000 | 29.8 | 27.6 | 22.5 | 41.3 | 27.1 | 20.3 | 50.0% | 23.9% | 23.0% |
GBP 50,001–GBP 200,000 | 33.3 | 30.4 | 38.1 | 28.3 | 35.3 | 35.1 | 21.4% | 34.5% | 35.0% |
GBP 200,001–GBP 500,000 | 14.9 | 15.0 | 20.0 | 10.9 | 14.1 | 23.0 | 7.1% | 12.4% | 18.0% |
GBP 500,001 plus | 21.9 | 27.1 | 19.4 | 19.6 | 23.5 | 21.6 | 21.4% | 29.2% | 24.0% |
Total | 114 | 214 | 160 | 46 | 85 | 74 | 56 | 113 | 100 |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
In the Last 12 Months, Has Your Annual Turnover Changed? | Farming (%) | Forestry (%) | Landed Estate (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | |
Increased | 36.4 | 31.2 | 30.4 | 39.7 | 35.1 | 23.2 | 35.1 | 29.0 | 30.4 |
Stayed the same | 37.1 | 42.5 | 43.0 | 37.9 | 41.0 | 48.4 | 41.9 | 42.6 | 44.0 |
Decreased | 26.4 | 26.3 | 26.6 | 22.4 | 23.9 | 28.4 | 23.0 | 28.4 | 25.6 |
Total | 140 | 308 | 207 | 58 | 134 | 95 | 74 | 162 | 125 |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Within the Next 5 Years, Which of the Following Investments Are You Planning on Making for Your Business? | Farming (%) | Forestry (%) | Landed Estate (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | |
Land/buildings | 20.9 | 25.7 | 27.2 | 24.2 | 32.6 | 31.7 | 20.0 | 26.2 | 28.8 |
Machinery | 36.5% | 37.8 | 37.3 | 29.0 | 47.1 | 37.6 | 30.7 | 39.5 | 40.9 |
Digital equipment | 46.6 | 32.2 | 33.2 | 54.8 | 39.9 | 42.6 | 54.7 | 37.2 | 40.2 |
Other equipment (e.g., office equipment, furniture, etc.) | 35.8 | 26.9 | 27.6% | 30.6 | 31.2 | 31.7 | 37.3 | 26.7 | 26.5 |
Staff recruitment/skill training | 41.2 | 27.6 | 33.6 | 46.8 | 37.7 | 39.6 | 42.7 | 27.9 | 41.7 |
None | 15.5 | 25.4 | 24.0 | 14.5 | 19.6 | 20.8 | 10.7 | 24.4 | 25.8 |
Total | 148 | 323 | 217 | 62 | 138 | 101 | 75 | 172 | 132 |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
As a Result of Brexit, Do You See the Following as a Challenge or an Opportunity for Your Business? | Imports (%) | Exports (%) | Access to Public/Private Finance (%) | ||||||
Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | |
Challenge | 53.0 | 60.6 | 59.8 | 31.0 | 54.8 | 54.2 | 51.8 | 52.2 | 62.8 |
Opportunity | 21.2 | 15.2 | 16.5 | 35.7 | 20.4 | 25.0 | 24.1 | 26.9 | 25.6 |
Both | 25.8 | 24.2 | 23.7 | 33.3 | 24.7 | 20.8 | 24.1 | 20.9 | 11.6 |
Total | 66 | 132 | 97 | 42 | 93 | 72 | 54 | 134 | 86 |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
As a Result of Brexit, Do You See the Following as a Challenge or an Opportunity for Your Business? | Business Regulations (%) | Access to Regular Labour (%) | Access to Seasonal Labour (%) | ||||||
Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | |
Challenge | 49.5 | 61.7 | 63.7 | 47.6 | 62.8 | 63.1 | 51.3 | 66.3 | 67.7 |
Opportunity | 23.2 | 18.4 | 22.6 | 30.2 | 25.7 | 19.1 | 30.8 | 21.7 | 16.9 |
Both | 27.4 | 19.9 | 13.7 | 22.2 | 11.5 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 12.0 | 15.4 |
Total | 95 | 195 | 124 | 63 | 113 | 84 | 39 | 83 | 65 |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
As a Result of Brexit, Do You See the Following as a Challenge or an Opportunity for Your Business? | Imports (%) | Exports (%) | Access to Public/Private Finance (%) | ||||||
Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | |
Challenge | 37.0 | 58.7 | 58.0 | 38.1 | 52.1 | 52.9 | 36.4 | 37.5 | 57.5 |
Opportunity | 25.9 | 22.2 | 20.0 | 33.3 | 18.7 | 29.4 | 22.7 | 37.5 | 30.0 |
Both | 37.0 | 19.1 | 22.0 | 28.6 | 29.2 | 17.7 | 40.9 | 25.0 | 12.5 |
Total | 27 | 63 | 50 | 21 | 48 | 34 | 22 | 56 | 40 |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
As a Result of Brexit, Do You See the Following as a Challenge or an Opportunity for Your Business? | Business Regulations (%) | Access to Regular Labour (%) | Access to Seasonal Labour (%) | ||||||
Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | |
Challenge | 46.7 | 60.0 | 62.5 | 42.3 | 63.0 | 57.5 | 50.0 | 68.4 | 71.0 |
Opportunity | 22.2 | 18.9 | 29.7 | 23.1 | 27.8 | 19.1 | 21.4 | 21.1 | 19.3 |
Both | 31.1 | 21.1 | 7.8 | 34.6 | 9.3 | 23.4 | 28.6 | 10.5 | 9.7 |
Total | 45 | 90 | 64 | 26 | 54 | 47 | 14 | 38 | 31 |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
As a Result of Brexit, Do You See the Following as a Challenge or an Opportunity for Your Business? | Imports (%) | Exports (%) | Access to Public/Private Finance (%) | ||||||
Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | |
Challenge | 71.0 | 62.0 | 50.8 | 48.0 | 56.4 | 47.8 | 55.6 | 50.7 | 62.8 |
Opportunity | 13.2 | 16.5 | 16.4 | 28.0 | 14.5 | 26.1 | 14.8 | 28.2 | 25.5 |
Both | 15.8 | 21.5 | 32.8 | 24.0 | 29.1 | 29.1 | 29.6 | 21.1 | 11.7 |
Total | 38 | 79 | 61 | 25 | 55 | 46 | 27 | 71 | 51 |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
As a Result of Brexit, Do You See the Following as a Challenge or an Opportunity for Your Business? | Business Regulations (%) | Access to Regular Labour (%) | Access to Seasonal Labour (%) | ||||||
Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | Accessible/Remote Small Towns | Accessible Rural | Remote Rural | |
Challenge | 55.1 | 59.3 | 66.2 | 48.5 | 67.7 | 57.9 | 50.0 | 78.7 | 67.4 |
Opportunity | 16.3 | 18.5 | 20.8 | 18.2 | 23.5 | 24.6 | 22.7 | 17.0 | 20.9 |
Both | 28.6 | 22.2 | 13.0 | 33.3 | 8.8 | 17.5 | 27.3 | 4.3 | 11.6 |
Total | 49 | 108 | 77 | 33 | 68 | 57 | 22 | 47 | 43 |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
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Tiwasing, P.; Pate, L.; McMillan, J.; Atterton, J.; Thomson, S.G. Exploring the Determinants of the Relationships between the Land-Based Sectors with the Wider Rural Business Base in Scotland: An Empirical Analysis. Land 2023, 12, 723. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030723
Tiwasing P, Pate L, McMillan J, Atterton J, Thomson SG. Exploring the Determinants of the Relationships between the Land-Based Sectors with the Wider Rural Business Base in Scotland: An Empirical Analysis. Land. 2023; 12(3):723. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030723
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiwasing, Pattanapong, Lorna Pate, Jenny McMillan, Jane Atterton, and Steven G. Thomson. 2023. "Exploring the Determinants of the Relationships between the Land-Based Sectors with the Wider Rural Business Base in Scotland: An Empirical Analysis" Land 12, no. 3: 723. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030723
APA StyleTiwasing, P., Pate, L., McMillan, J., Atterton, J., & Thomson, S. G. (2023). Exploring the Determinants of the Relationships between the Land-Based Sectors with the Wider Rural Business Base in Scotland: An Empirical Analysis. Land, 12(3), 723. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030723