Integrating System Spatial Archetypes and Archetypical Evolutionary Patterns of Human Settlements: Towards Place-Based Sustainable Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What are the system spatial archetypes and the archetypical evolutionary patterns of human settlements in the Yangtze River Delta?
- What are the primary sustainability challenges faced by human settlements in this region, and how do we develop place-based solutions to address these challenges in pursuit of sustainability?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and City–Rural–Wilderness Spatial Classification
2.2. Indicator System for Mapping Human Settlement Archetypes
2.3. Identifying System Spatial Archetypes and Archetypical Evolutionary Patterns of Human Settlements
2.3.1. Step 1: Inductive Detection of Typical Human Settlement Systems and Their Changes
2.3.2. Step 2: Deductive Assessment of System Spatial Archetypes
2.3.3. Step 3: Deductive Assessment of Archetypical Evolutionary Patterns
2.3.4. Step 4: Identification of Archetypical Human Settlement Spatio-Temporal Interactions
2.4. Data Sources
3. Results
3.1. Detecting and Mapping System Spatial Archetypes of Human Settlements
3.2. Detecting and Mapping Archetypical Evolutionary Patterns of Human Settlements
3.3. Archetypical Human Settlement Spatio-Temporal Interactions
4. Discussion
4.1. Validation of Human Settlement Archetypes and Archetypical Evolutionary Patterns Mapping
4.2. Describing Typical Sustainability Challenges Identify Place-Based Development Pathways
4.2.1. Urban–Rural Hybrid System in Conservation and Stabilization: Adaptive Transition of Rural Localities
4.2.2. Urban–Wilderness Hybrid System in Conservation and Stabilization: Livelihood Transition of Natural Resource-Dependent Communities
4.2.3. Urban–Wilderness Hybrid System in Expansion and Exploitation: Refined Ecological Control
4.2.4. Rural-Dominated System in Conservation and Stabilization: Environmental Pollution Control
4.2.5. Rural-Dominated System in Change and Fluctuation: Land Remediation and Industrial Transformation
4.2.6. Wilderness–Rural Hybrid System in Conservation and Stabilization: Fostering Innovative Industries for Green Development
4.2.7. Urban-Dominated System in Expansion and Exploitation: Enhancing Landscape Patterns and Agricultural System Resilience
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Acronyms | Meaning |
AEP | Human Settlement Archetypical Evolutionary Pattern |
ESA | European Space Agency |
HAI | Human Activity Intensity |
HSA | Human Settlement System Spatial Archetype |
HSCH | Typical Human Settlement Changes |
MCE | Multi-Criteria Evaluation |
NUA | New Urban Agenda |
SDG | Sustainable Development Goals |
SES | Social-Ecological System |
TPDC | National Tibetan Plateau Data Center of China |
YRD | Yangtze River Delta |
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Land Interface Classification | Existing Land Cover Classification System of ESA |
---|---|
Urban space | Urban |
Rural space | Rainfed cropland, Irrigated cropland, Mosaic cropland (>50%)/natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<50%), Mosaic natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (>50%)/cropland (<50%) Mosaic natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (>50%)/cropland (<50%) |
Wildness space | Tree cover, broadleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%); Tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%); Tree cover, needle leaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%); Tree cover, needle leaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%); Tree cover, mixed leaf type (broadleaved and needle leaved); Mosaic tree and shrub (>50%)/herbaceous cover (<50%); Mosaic herbaceous cover (>50%)/tree and shrub (<50%); Grassland; Shrubland; Sparse vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover); Bare areas; Water; Tree cover, flooded, saline water |
Subsystem | Variable | Indicator | Unit | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Socioeconomic subsystem | Population dynamics | Population density | People km−2 | CSYD |
Birth rate of the population | ‰ | CSYD | ||
Economic development | Rural residents’ per capita disposable income | ¥ inhabitant−1 year−1 | CSYD | |
Urban residents’ unemployment rate | % | CSYD | ||
Governance | Energy consumption reduction rate per unit of GDP | % | CSYD | |
Industrial solid waste utilization rate | % | CSYD | ||
Municipal sewage treatment rate | % | CSYD | ||
Ecological subsystem | Climate | Average annual precipitation | mm year−1 | CSYD |
Average annual temperature | °C | CSYD | ||
Natural productivity | Average annual NDVI | Index | TPDC 2 | |
Natural coverage | The proportion of wilderness space | % | ESA 1 | |
Interactions | Human actions on the environment | The proportion of urbans space | % | ESA 1 |
Nighttime Light Intensity | % | HARVARD Dataverse 3 | ||
Ecosystem service supply | Landscape diversity index | Index | Fragstats Landscape Diversity Index | |
Ecosystem service demand | The proportion of rural space | % | ESA 1 | |
Irrigated area proportion (percentage of paddy fields in total cultivated land) | % | ESA 1 |
Cluster | Change Patterns | Description | Cities | Archetypical Evolutionary Patterns |
---|---|---|---|---|
HSCH 01 | Low-intensity urban expansion | Above average increase in the proportion of urbans space and nighttime light intensity | Changzhou, Nanjing, Suzhou, Taizhou, Wuxi, Zhenjiang | Conservation and stabilization |
HSCH 02 | Intensification towards high-intensity cropland and in situ urbanization | Highest increase in irrigated area proportion; above average increase in birth rate and rural residents’ per capita disposable income; most significant decline in urban residents’ unemployment rate | Hangzhou | Expansion and exploitation |
HSCH 03 | Intensification towards medium-intensity cropland | Above average increase in irrigated area proportion; highest increase in average annual precipitation | Huzhou, Jiaxing, Jinhua, Lishui, Ningbo, Quzhou, Shaoxing, Taizhou, Huaian, Zhoushan, Lianyungang, Nantong, Yancheng, | Conservation and stabilization |
HSCH 04 | Stability | No substantial changes for any indicators | Yangzhou | Conservation and stabilization |
HSCH 05 | High-intensity urban expansion | Highest increase in population density and population density and urban spatial area | Shanghai | Expansion and exploitation |
HSCH 06 | Low-intensity cropland expansion and intensification | Above average increase in irrigated area proportion and the proportion of rural space; highest increase in municipal sewage treatment rate and urban residents’ unemployment rate | Wenzhou | Conservation and stabilization |
HSCH 07 | Cropland de-intensification | Most significant decline in industrial solid waste utilization rate and average annual precipitation; highest increase in average annual NDVI | Suqian | Change and fluctuation |
HSCH 08 | De-urbanization | Highly below average increase in rural residents’ per capita disposable income, population density, and urban residents’ employment; highest increase in birth rate; high increase in average annual NDVI | Xuzhou | Change and fluctuation |
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Gao, W.; Lyu, W.; Liu, B. Integrating System Spatial Archetypes and Archetypical Evolutionary Patterns of Human Settlements: Towards Place-Based Sustainable Development. Land 2023, 12, 2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122164
Gao W, Lyu W, Liu B. Integrating System Spatial Archetypes and Archetypical Evolutionary Patterns of Human Settlements: Towards Place-Based Sustainable Development. Land. 2023; 12(12):2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122164
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Wenlin, Wanyue Lyu, and Binyi Liu. 2023. "Integrating System Spatial Archetypes and Archetypical Evolutionary Patterns of Human Settlements: Towards Place-Based Sustainable Development" Land 12, no. 12: 2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122164