Construction of Cultural Heritage Tourism Corridor for the Dissemination of Historical Culture: A Case Study of Typical Mountainous Multi-Ethnic Area in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methods
- (1)
- Basic geographic data, such as administrative boundaries, water systems, and roads, were downloaded from the Resource and Environment Science and Data Centre (https://www.resdc.cn/, accessed on 1 July 2021).
- (2)
- Statistical data on Xiangxi Prefecture cultural sources (up to 2021), including Chinese Traditional Villages, Cultural Relic Protection Units (national and provincial levels), Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) (national and provincial levels), famous historical and cultural cities, towns, and villages at the national and provincial levels, were collected by the Bureau of Culture and Tourism in Xiangxi Prefecture (http://whlygdj.xxz.gov.cn/, accessed on 30 September 2021).
- (3)
- Indicators for evaluating cultural dissemination resistance included the digital elevation model (DEM), slope, land use and land cover (LULC), ethnic minority population density (EMPD), and spatial distribution of the gross domestic product (GDP). The original and processed data information for each factor are shown in Table 1.
2.2.1. Identification of Cultural Space
Determination of Cultural Sources
Evaluation of Cultural Dissemination Resistance
Creation of an Integrated Resistance Surface
Extraction of Cultural Space Boundary
2.2.2. Identification of Potential Cultural Tourism Corridors
2.2.3. Creation of a Cultural Heritage Tourism Corridor Network
- (1)
- When there were highways between the nodes, priority was given to the use of existing highways. If several highways were available, the highway with a higher administrative grade was prioritized.
- (2)
- When there were no highways between the nodes, potential corridors were used. If there were several potential corridors, one was selected in order of priority as Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. If a section of a potential corridor overlaps with an existing road, that section could use the existing road.
- (3)
- There should be only three corridors linking a node.
- (4)
- Historical and culturally significant navigable waterways were used to supplement the corridors. Depending on the actual scenario, a marina may be built at the junction of a waterway and a potential corridor.
3. Results
3.1. Cultural Dissemination Resistance Surface
3.2. Cultural Space
3.3. Potential Cultural Heritage Tourism Corridors
3.4. Cultural Heritage Tourism Corridor Network
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data (Product) | Type | Time | Source |
---|---|---|---|
DEM (m) | Raster (30 × 30 m) | 2020 | NASADEM Merged DEM Global 1 arc second, LP_DAAC Data Center, United States Geological Survey (USGS) (https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/proucts/nasadem_hgtv001/, accessed on 30 July 2021). |
LULC | Raster (30 × 30 m) | 2020 | GLC_FCS30_2020, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (https://data.casearth.cn/sdo/detail/5fbc7904819aec1ea2dd7061, accessed on 1 September 2021) |
Slope (°) | Raster (30 × 30 m) | 2020 | From the processing of DEM data. |
Population density (People per km2) | Raster (1 × 1 km) | 2020 | The spatial distribution of population density in China, WorldPop and Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) (https://www.worldpop.org/geodata/summary?id=39793, accessed on 18 February 2022) |
Population in counties of Xiangxi Prefecture | Statistics | 2020 | The People’s Government of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (http://www.xxz.gov.cn/zfsj/, accessed on 30 October 2021/). |
EMPD (People per km2) | Raster (1 × 1 km) | 2020 | Raster calculation: Minority population proportion by county (minority population by county/total population by county) × the spatial distribution of population density in Xiangxi Prefecture |
GDP (104 yuan per km2) | Raster (1 × 1 km) | 2015 | National Earth System Science Data Sharing Infrastructure, National Science and Technology Infrastructure of China (http://www.geodata.cn, accessed on 8 February 2022). |
GDP per area (104 yuan per km2) | Raster (1 × 1 km) | 2020 | Raster calculation: GDP growth rate by county × the spatial distribution of GDP per area in Xiangxi Prefecture |
Factor | Subfactor | Resistance Value Assignment | Basis of Classification | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | |||
Nature | DEM (m) | <200 | 200–500 | 500–1000 | 1000–1500 | ≥1500 | The average height of topographical features such as plains, plateaus, hills, and mountains were used to classify resistance levels. |
Slope (°) | <5 | 5–15 | 15–25 | 25–35 | ≥35 | Refer to “General Rules for Integrated Soil and Water Conservation Planning GB/T15772-2008”. | |
LULC | Water | Crop, Impervious surfaces | Open forest 1, Shrub, Grass | Closed Forest 1, Wetlands | Bare areas | 1: Water transport was the primary mode of conveyance for culture dissemination in past periods, and so water is most suitable for the dissemination and exchange of culture; 25: These are hubs of human activity that act as catalysts for cultural exchange; 50: These areas have ecological and aesthetic significance and can be developed and utilized for tourism activities in a suitable manner; 75: They are managed for ecological conservation, should be less disturbed by humans, and are not suited for development; 100: Poor environmental and scenic quality, making it unfit for tourists. | |
Ethnic minorities | EMPD (people per km2) | ≥100 | 75–100 | 50–75 | 25–50 | <25 | Since 100 represents the threshold value for densely populated areas, classes are divided as follows: within the range of 0–100, classes are divided equally, and classes exceeding 100 are combined. |
Economy | GDP (104 yuan per km2) | ≥1000 | 750–1000 | 500–750 | 250–500 | <250 | Since 1000 represents the threshold value for a developed economic level, classes in the range of 0–1000 are divided into equal groups, whereas classes above 1000 are combined into a single group. |
Corridor Class | Connection of Cultural Spaces | Significance |
---|---|---|
Level 1 | I–I, I–II, II–II | High |
Level 2 | I–III, II–III | Middle |
Level 3 | III–III | low |
No. | S | No. | S | No. | S | No. | S | No. | S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 21–40 | 26 | 11–14 | 51 | 36–37 | 76 | 16–20 | 101 | 5–11 |
2 | 22–40 | 27 | 37–42 | 52 | 45–50 | 77 | 4–10 | 102 | 1–4 |
3 | 38–49 | 28 | 40–41 | 53 | 40–45 | 78 | 15–16 | 103 | 33–34 |
4 | 21–28 | 29 | 64–46 | 54 | 17–20 | 79 | 56–35 | 104 | 2–3 |
5 | 28–38 | 30 | 25–28 | 55 | 64–43 | 80 | 34–36 | 105 | 5–6 |
6 | 57–28 | 31 | 12–18 | 56 | 17–24 | 81 | 60–39 | 106 | 8–18 |
7 | 41–49 | 32 | 10–11 | 57 | 17–52 | 82 | 29–31 | 107 | 6–11 |
8 | 42–48 | 33 | 38–63 | 58 | 45–67 | 83 | 65–47 | 108 | 46–47 |
9 | 44–49 | 34 | 67–49 | 59 | 64–47 | 84 | 30–31 | 109 | 27–56 |
10 | 33–38 | 35 | 52–23 | 60 | 41–45 | 85 | 35–58 | 110 | 2–4 |
11 | 38–40 | 36 | 11–15 | 61 | 62–64 | 86 | 53–54 | 111 | 1–2 |
12 | 57–40 | 37 | 23–26 | 62 | 55–30 | 87 | 3–9 | 112 | 11–51 |
13 | 41–44 | 38 | 66–44 | 63 | 21–27 | 88 | 31–32 | 113 | 7–13 |
14 | 38–41 | 39 | 42–64 | 64 | 9–16 | 89 | 56–57 | 114 | 9–17 |
15 | 28–33 | 40 | 68–49 | 65 | 24–54 | 90 | 60–61 | 115 | 4–8 |
16 | 15–22 | 41 | 14–15 | 66 | 33–39 | 91 | 59–45 | 116 | 32–34 |
17 | 40–63 | 42 | 46–48 | 67 | 65–66 | 92 | 51–16 | 117 | 24–25 |
18 | 20–22 | 43 | 18–19 | 68 | 44–45 | 93 | 56–58 | 118 | 7–8 |
19 | 28–55 | 44 | 23–25 | 69 | 63–43 | 94 | 39–61 | 119 | 13–18 |
20 | 42–46 | 45 | 25–26 | 70 | 47–48 | 95 | 17–53 | 120 | 61–62 |
21 | 15–21 | 46 | 10–12 | 71 | 62–43 | 96 | 58–59 | 121 | 4–5 |
22 | 33–36 | 47 | 12–14 | 72 | 38–39 | 97 | 47–68 | 122 | 8–10 |
23 | 19–21 | 48 | 36–60 | 73 | 55–29 | 98 | 1–8 | 123 | 3–6 |
24 | 20–23 | 49 | 14–19 | 74 | 29–30 | 99 | 32–33 | 124 | 43–65 |
25 | 41–63 | 50 | 54–28 | 75 | 5–10 | 100 | 6–51 |
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Huang, Y.; Shen, S.; Hu, W.; Li, Y.; Li, G. Construction of Cultural Heritage Tourism Corridor for the Dissemination of Historical Culture: A Case Study of Typical Mountainous Multi-Ethnic Area in China. Land 2023, 12, 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12010138
Huang Y, Shen S, Hu W, Li Y, Li G. Construction of Cultural Heritage Tourism Corridor for the Dissemination of Historical Culture: A Case Study of Typical Mountainous Multi-Ethnic Area in China. Land. 2023; 12(1):138. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12010138
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Yihe, Shouyun Shen, Wenmin Hu, Yurou Li, and Guo Li. 2023. "Construction of Cultural Heritage Tourism Corridor for the Dissemination of Historical Culture: A Case Study of Typical Mountainous Multi-Ethnic Area in China" Land 12, no. 1: 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12010138
APA StyleHuang, Y., Shen, S., Hu, W., Li, Y., & Li, G. (2023). Construction of Cultural Heritage Tourism Corridor for the Dissemination of Historical Culture: A Case Study of Typical Mountainous Multi-Ethnic Area in China. Land, 12(1), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12010138