Application of the Adapted Approach for Crop Management Factor to Assess Soil Erosion Risk in an Agricultural Area of Rwanda
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Datasets and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Preprocessing
2.3. Estimations Based of RUSLE Model
2.3.1. Rainfall Erosivity (R) Factor
2.3.2. Soil Erodibility (K) Factor
2.3.3. Slope Length and Its Steepness (LS) Factor
2.3.4. Crop Management (C) Factor
2.3.5. Support Practice (P) Factor
2.4. Soil Erosion Probability Zones Delineation
3. Results
3.1. Adapted Approach (CvkA) for C-Factor Estimation
3.2. Influence of Soil Erodibility on NDVI-Derived C-Factor (CvkA)
3.3. Influence of Rainfall on NDVI-Derived C-Factor (CvkA)
3.4. Influence of Topographic Features on NDVI-derived C-Factor (CvkA)
3.5. Soil Loss Rate Estimation
3.6. LULC Change and Its Impacts on Soil Erosion Rate
3.7. Estimated Mean Soil Loss for Each LULC Category
3.8. Soil Erosion Probability Zones
4. Discussion
4.1. Cover Management (C) Factor and Biophysical Variables
4.2. Variation in Land Use Land Cover and Soil Erosion
4.3. Estimation of Soil Loss and Probability Zones
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Datasets | Sources | Path and Row |
---|---|---|
Landsat 7 ETM+/Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS | USGS earth Explorer/ Earthexplorer.usgs.gov accessed on 4 October 2021 | 172-61 |
DEM | Earthexplorer.usgs.gov accessed on 4 October 2021 | |
Meteorological data (Rainfall) | Rwanda Meteorological agency | |
Soil map | Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) |
Variables | Description | Data Type |
---|---|---|
Dependent variable | ||
Improved C-factor (CvkA) | Adapted cover management factor from equation proposed by Van der Knijff, Jones and Montanarella (2000) derived from satellite images (Equation (3)) | Continuous |
Biophysical variables | ||
Rainfall | Rainfall erosivity (R value) (Equation (2)) | Continuous |
Elevation | Digital elevation model (30 m spatial resolution, from the USGS) | Continuous |
Soil | Soil erodibility (K value) (Equation (3)) | Continuous |
Slope % | Strip-Cropping | Contouring | Terracing |
---|---|---|---|
0–7.0 | 0.27 | 0.55 | 0.10 |
7.0–11.3 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.12 |
11.3–17.6 | 0.40 | 0.80 | 0.16 |
17.6–26.8 | 0.45 | 0.90 | 0.18 |
>26.8 | 0.50 | 1.0 | 2.0 |
Severity Categories | Soil Loss Classes | Area % | Mean Soil Loss Per Class (t ha−1 yr−1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2018 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2018 | ||
Very low | 0–5 | 40.7 | 11.66 | 45.38 | 8.00 | 59.20 | 1.61 | 2.56 | 1.95 | 2.65 | 1.53 |
Low | 5–10 | 16.8 | 10.12 | 19.58 | 7.51 | 14.60 | 7.34 | 7.42 | 7.24 | 7.47 | 7.14 |
Moderate | 10–20 | 19.4 | 16.49 | 16.47 | 12.39 | 10.90 | 14.35 | 14.82 | 14.07 | 14.89 | 14.07 |
High | 20–50 | 16.1 | 29.92 | 12.14 | 28.91 | 8.60 | 31.04 | 32.63 | 31.23 | 33.84 | 31.48 |
very High | 50–100 | 5.9 | 18.29 | 3.89 | 19.59 | 3.50 | 67.89 | 70.96 | 67.63 | 71.55 | 68.49 |
Extremely High | >100 | 1.1 | 13.52 | 2.54 | 23.60 | 3.20 | 127.53 | 156.42 | 209.54 | 171.99 | 209.98 |
LULC Types | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest land | 46.5 | 21.84 | 42.14 | 23.99 | 25.12 |
Built up land | 0.43 | 0.6 | 0.57 | 2.39 | 1.8 |
Wetland | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 |
Cropland | 32.28 | 57.29 | 33.79 | 46.18 | 46.7 |
Grassland | 3.28 | 3.6 | 5.76 | 9.75 | 9.23 |
Water bodies | 17.28 | 16.43 | 17.5 | 17.45 | 16.9 |
LULC | Mean Soil Loss in 2000 | Mean Soil Loss in 2005 | Mean Soil Loss in 2010 | Mean Soil Loss in 2015 | Mean Soil Loss in 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forestland | 14.7 | 69.8 | 21.4 | 111.7 | 22.6 |
Grassland | 15.6 | 34.3 | 12.3 | 64.7 | 24.1 |
Cropland | 15.7 | 39.7 | 10.4 | 45.41 | 9.5 |
Built up | 4.7 | 45.4 | 7.8 | 27.5 | 4.1 |
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Maniraho, A.P.; Mind’je, R.; Liu, W.; Nzabarinda, V.; Kayumba, P.M.; Nahayo, L.; Umugwaneza, A.; Uwamahoro, S.; Li, L. Application of the Adapted Approach for Crop Management Factor to Assess Soil Erosion Risk in an Agricultural Area of Rwanda. Land 2021, 10, 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101056
Maniraho AP, Mind’je R, Liu W, Nzabarinda V, Kayumba PM, Nahayo L, Umugwaneza A, Uwamahoro S, Li L. Application of the Adapted Approach for Crop Management Factor to Assess Soil Erosion Risk in an Agricultural Area of Rwanda. Land. 2021; 10(10):1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101056
Chicago/Turabian StyleManiraho, Albert Poponi, Richard Mind’je, Wenjiang Liu, Vincent Nzabarinda, Patient Mindje Kayumba, Lamek Nahayo, Adeline Umugwaneza, Solange Uwamahoro, and Lanhai Li. 2021. "Application of the Adapted Approach for Crop Management Factor to Assess Soil Erosion Risk in an Agricultural Area of Rwanda" Land 10, no. 10: 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101056