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Volume 18
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10.3390/w18010090
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Article

Hydrogeochemistry of Thermal Water from Lindian Geothermal Field, Songliao Basin, NE China: Implications for Water–Rock Interactions

by
Yujuan Su
1,
Fengtian Yang
2,
Xuejun Zhou
3,
Junling Dong
3,
Ling Liu
3,
Yongfa Ma
2,3,
Minghua Chen
4,* and
Chaoyu Zhang
5,*
1
School of Geomatics and Prospecting Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China
2
Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
3
The Institute of Ecological Geology Survey and Research of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China
4
Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation Survey and Design Research Institute Co., Ltd., Harbin 150090, China
5
Chinese Academy of Natural Resources Economics, Beijing 101149, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2026, 18(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18010090
Submission received: 26 November 2025 / Revised: 18 December 2025 / Accepted: 21 December 2025 / Published: 30 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Environment Evolution and Early Risk-Warning)
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Abstract

To explore the hydrogeochemical characteristics and dominant water–rock interaction processes of thermal water in Lindian geothermal field (northern Songliao Basin, NE China), this study analyzed 16 thermal water samples (1900–3000 m depth) and 3 shallow groundwater samples using hydrochemical indices, water isotopes, and statistical methods (Pearson Correlation and Principle Component Analysis). Results show that the thermal water originates from precipitation and exhibits an “oxygen shift” indicating a long-time water–rock interaction under low to medium reservoir temperature. The thermal water is alkaline with a high TDS and dominated by Na+, Cl−, and HCO3−, and its hydrochemical facies changes from HCO3·Cl–Na to Cl·HCO3–Na and Cl–Na along the groundwater flow path. Leaching of halite, silicates, and carbonates is the primary process controlling solute accumulation. The geothermal reservoir is in a relatively closed, strong reducing environment, and thermal water reached water–rock equilibrium with respect to Na-, K-, Ca-, and Mg-alumino silicates. Principle Component Analysis identifies three key controlling factors, including mineral leaching, organic matter degradation, and sulfate reduction/mineral precipitation. This study establishes a hydrogeochemical baseline for the initial exploitation stage, providing a scientific basis for predicting long-term water quality changes and formulating differentiated sustainable development strategies for the Lindian geothermal field.
Keywords: Lindian geothermal field; hydrogeochemistry; water-rock interaction; controlling factors Lindian geothermal field; hydrogeochemistry; water-rock interaction; controlling factors

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MDPI and ACS Style

Su, Y.; Yang, F.; Zhou, X.; Dong, J.; Liu, L.; Ma, Y.; Chen, M.; Zhang, C. Hydrogeochemistry of Thermal Water from Lindian Geothermal Field, Songliao Basin, NE China: Implications for Water–Rock Interactions. Water 2026, 18, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18010090

AMA Style

Su Y, Yang F, Zhou X, Dong J, Liu L, Ma Y, Chen M, Zhang C. Hydrogeochemistry of Thermal Water from Lindian Geothermal Field, Songliao Basin, NE China: Implications for Water–Rock Interactions. Water. 2026; 18(1):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18010090

Chicago/Turabian Style

Su, Yujuan, Fengtian Yang, Xuejun Zhou, Junling Dong, Ling Liu, Yongfa Ma, Minghua Chen, and Chaoyu Zhang. 2026. "Hydrogeochemistry of Thermal Water from Lindian Geothermal Field, Songliao Basin, NE China: Implications for Water–Rock Interactions" Water 18, no. 1: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18010090

APA Style

Su, Y., Yang, F., Zhou, X., Dong, J., Liu, L., Ma, Y., Chen, M., & Zhang, C. (2026). Hydrogeochemistry of Thermal Water from Lindian Geothermal Field, Songliao Basin, NE China: Implications for Water–Rock Interactions. Water, 18(1), 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18010090

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