Spatial–Temporal Distribution of Offshore Transport Pathways of Coastal Water Masses in the East China Sea Based on GOCI-TSS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methodology
2.1. GOCI-TSS
2.2. Sea Surface Wind
2.3. Tide Current
2.4. Topographic Data
2.5. Calculation of Residual Current Field
2.6. Calculation of Spatial Cumulative Frequency of ΔTSS
2.7. Simpson–Hunter Tidal Mixing Index
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Distribution Characteristics of Climatological TSS and Influencing Factors
3.1.1. Distribution Characteristics of Climatological TSS
3.1.2. Influencing Factors of TSS Climate State Distribution Characteristics
3.2. Spatiotemporal Distribution of the
3.2.1. The Climatological Spatial Distribution Characteristics of
3.2.2. Seasonal Variability of Distribution
3.3. Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Offshore Transport Pathways of Coastal Water Masses
4. Conclusions
- Dominant spatial pattern of nearshore turbidity waters
- 2.
- Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of offshore transport patterns
- 3.
- Identification of persistent and seasonal transport pathways
- One located south of Hangzhou Bay (~30° N), active during February–May and August, is likely linked to tidal-induced thermocline oscillations. Its location aligns with the penetrating front reported by Wu [15].
- Another located off the north bank of the Yangtze River Estuary appears exclusively in summer and follows a southeastward trajectory consistent with the expansion of the Yangtze River Diluted Water (YRDW). This challenges the conventional “summer accumulation, winter transport” paradigm and highlights the significance of summer offshore export processes in the northern ECS.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Liu, S.; Han, S.; Wei, Y. Analysis of water mass in the northwest of the East China Sea and its relationship with fishing grounds. J. Fish. China 1984, 8, 125–133. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, L.; Wei, Q.; Xin, M. Spatial distribution patterns of nutrients and controlling mechanisms in the East China Sea during spring. Adv. Mar. Sci. 2023, 41, 622–636. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, D.; Qiao, L.; Li, G. Suspended matter transport, flux and seasonal variation in the inner shelf of the East China Sea. Oceanol. Et Limnol. Sinica 2022, 49, 24–39. [Google Scholar]
- Guan, B. Patterns and Structures of the Currents in Bohai, Huanghai and East China Seas. In Institute of Oceanology; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Guo, Y.; Rong, Z.; Chi, Y.; Li, X.; Na, R. Numerical Study on the Interannual Variation of the Changjiang Diluted Water in Summer. Ocean. Limnol. Bull. 2020, 4, 30–41. [Google Scholar]
- Mao, H.; Gan, Z.; Lan, S. Preliminary study on the Changjiang diluted water and its mixing. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1963, 5, 183–206. [Google Scholar]
- Beardsley, R.; Limeburner, R.; Yu, H.; Cannon, G. Discharge of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) into the East China sea. Cont. Shelf Res. 1985, 4, 57–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, Y.; Su, J.; Zhao, J. A single-layer model of continental shelf circulation in the East China Sea. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 1982, 4, 1–11. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, B.; Yang, W.; Jiang, C.; Wang, T.; Wei, H. Observations of turbulent mixing and vertical diffusive salt flux in the Changjiang Diluted Water. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 2022, 40, 1349–1360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.; Guo, X.; Fang, J.; Li, Q. Seasonal characteristics of the extension range of Fujian-Zhejiang Coastal Current and its influence on typical bays. J. Appl. Oceanogr. 2018, 37, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Yuan, D.; Qiao, F.; Su, J. Cross-shelf penetrating fronts off the southeast coast of China observed by MODIS. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32, L19603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, D.; Li, Y.; He, L.; Zhou, H.; Li, R.; Wang, F.; Lei, H.; Hu, D. An observation of the three-dimensional structure of a cross-shelf penetrating front off the Changjiang mouth. Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 2010, 57, 1827–1834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, L.; Li, Y.; Zhou, H.; Yuan, D. Variability of cross-shelf penetrating fronts in the East China Sea. Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 2010, 57, 1820–1826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y. Summertime Circulation Characteristics and Its Dynamic Mechanism in the Coastal Waters of Eastern China. Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, H. Cross-shelf penetrating fronts: A response of buoyant coastal water to ambient pycnocline undulation. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean. 2015, 120, 5101–5119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, W.; Huang, D. Evolution of submesoscale coastal frontal waves in the East China Sea based on geostationary ocean color imager observational data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2016, 43, 9801–9809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, X.; Shen, F. Comparative Analysis of Suspended Particulate Matter Concentration in Yangtze Estuary Derived by Several Satellite Sensors. Infrared 2014, 35, 31. [Google Scholar]
- Yeom, J.-M.; Kim, H.-O. Comparison of NDVIs from GOCI and MODIS data towards improved assessment of crop temporal dynamics in the case of paddy rice. Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 11326–11343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.; Yang, Q.; Liu, Q. Adaptability analysis of various versions of GDPS in GOCI data processing in the Yellow Sea based on QA Score. Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal. 2021, 41, 2233–2239. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, Z.; Wang, J.; Li, Y. Remote sensing of suspended sediment in high turbid estuary from sentinel-3A/OLCI: A case study of Hangzhou Bay. Front. Mar. Sci. 2022, 9, 1008070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruddick, K.; Vanhellemont, Q.; Yan, J.; Neukermans, G.; Wei, G.; Shang, S. Variability of suspended particulate matter in the Bohai Sea from the geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI). Ocean. Sci. J. 2012, 47, 331–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Z.; Lei, K.; Guo, Z.; Wang, H. Effect of a winter storm on sediment transport and resuspension in the distal mud area, the East China Sea. J. Coast. Res. 2007, 23, 310–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, C. Based on CCMP wind field, the characteristics of sea surface wind field in China seas in the past 22 years are analyzed. Res. Meteorol. Disaster Reduct. 2011, 34, 41–46. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, W.; Zhu, S.; Li, X.; Ruan, K.; Guan, W.; Peng, J. The effects of tidal residual current and tidal mixing on the low-salinitywater mass in the northeastern sea area outside the Yangtze Estuary. Acta Oceanol. Sinica 2014, 36, 9–18. [Google Scholar]
- Simpson, J.H.; Hunter, J. Fronts in the Irish sea. Nature 1974, 250, 404–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, Z.; Wang, C.; Yu, Z.; Liu, H.; Lin, P.; Li, Z. Tide simulation in a global eddy-resolving ocean model. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 2024, 43, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morlighem, M. Measures Bedmachine Antarctica, Version 2; National Snow and Ice Data Center: Boulder, CO, USA, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Giribabu, D.; Hari, R.; Sharma, J.; Ghosh, K.; Padiyar, N.; Sharma, A.; Bera, A.K.; Srivastav, S.K. Performance assessment of GEBCO_2023 gridded bathymetric data in selected shallow waters of Indian ocean using the seafloor from ICESat-2 photons. Mar. Geophys. Res. 2024, 45, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, W.H.; Sandwell, D.T. Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science 1997, 277, 1956–1962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, Y.; Yin, W.; Guo, Z.; Xuan, J. The ocean surface current in the East China Sea computed by the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager satellite. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 2210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xuan, J.; Huang, D.; Pohlmann, T.; Su, J.; Mayer, B.; Ding, R.; Zhou, F. Synoptic fluctuation of the Taiwan Warm Current in winter on the East China Sea shelf. Ocean. Sci. 2017, 13, 105–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, B. Distribution of tidal shelf fronts in the Yellow Sea. Bohai Seas 1987, 5, 16–23. [Google Scholar]
- Qiao, L. Suspended Sediment Transport, Flux, and Seasonal Variation on the East China Sea Inner Shelf. Ocean. Lakes 2018, 49, 16. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, Y.; Xuan, J.; Huang, D. Tidal variation of total suspended solids over the Yangtze Bank based on the geostationary ocean color imager. Sci. China Earth Sci. 2020, 63, 1381–1389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, B.; Fang, G.; Cao, D. Numerical simulation of tidal current in Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea. J. Oceanogr. (Chin. Version) 1994, 16, 10. [Google Scholar]
- Lin, Z.; Zhu, X.; Bao, X.; Liu, Q. Numerical simulation of three-dimensional tide and tidal current in Quanzhou Bay based on FVCOM. J. Oceanogr. (Chin. Version) 2013, 35, 15–24. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, B. Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass front mixed with tide. Ocean. Lakes 1985, 16, 451–460. [Google Scholar]
- Chang, P.H.; Isobe, A. A numerical study on the Changjiang diluted water in the Yellow and East China Seas. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean. 2003, 108, 3299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, Y.; Lee, M.; Shimada, T.; Sakaida, F.; Kawamura, H.; Chan, J.; Lu, H. Wintertime high-resolution features of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll—A fields associated with oceanic fronts in the southern East China Sea. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2008, 29, 6249–6261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, X.; Sun, Q.; Wang, Y.; Yang, Y. Seasonal Variation and Structural Analysis of the Tidal Front Outside the Jiangsu Bank Radial Sand Ridges. Mar. Sci. 2017, 41, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Guo, Z.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, D.; Fan, D.; Lei, K. Winter, summer distribution of suspended matter in the northern East China Sea and the blocking effect of ocean currents on suspended matter transport. J. Oceanogr. 2002, 24, 71–80. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, Z.; Guo, Z.; Wang, Z.; Xu, J.; Gao, W. The macroscopic pattern of the transport of suspended matter from the continental shelf of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea to its eastern deep sea area. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 1992, 14, 81–90. [Google Scholar]
- Tang, Y.; Zou, E.; Li, X.; Li, Z. Some characteristics of the circulation in the South Yellow Sea. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 2000, 22, 1–16. [Google Scholar]
- Bian, C. Sediment Transport in the Nearshore Area of China in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Bao, X.; Li, Z.; Wang, Y.; Li, N. Winter and Summer Distribution Characteristics of Suspended Matter in the Northern Yellow Sea. Sediment Res. 2010, 2, 48–56. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, Y. Numerical Simulation of Seasonal Continuous Variation of the Yellow Sea-East China Sea Circulation and the Changjiang Diluted Water. Master′s Thesis, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Qi, J. Characteristics of the East Sea Water Mass and a Study of the Kuroshio Current’s Exchange with East China Sea Shelf Water. Ph.D. Thesis, School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Institute of Oceanology), Qingdao, China, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Lin, X.; Hou, L.; Liu, M.; Li, X.; Yin, G.; Zheng, Y.; Deng, F. Gross nitrogen mineralization in surface sediments of the Yangtze Estuary. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0151930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, X.; Li, H.; Wang, H.; Wang, L.; Zhang, C. Preliminary Study on the Hydrochemical Characteristics of the Taiwan Warm Current in Summer and Its Impact on the Frequent Occurrence Area of Red Tide in the East China Sea. Ocean. Lakes 2013, 44, 1208–1215. [Google Scholar]
- Luo, Y.; Yu, G. Numerical calculation of upwelling along the East China Sea caused by wind and Taiwan warm current. J. Qingdao Ocean. Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 1998, 28, 536–542. [Google Scholar]
- Bao, M.; Guan, W.; Cao, Z.; Chen, Q.; Yang, Y. Marine Ecological Disasters and Their Physical Controlling Mechanisms in Jiangsu Coastal Area. In Coastal Environment, Disaster, and Infrastructure—A Case Study of China’s Coastline; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.; Si, G.; Yu, F. Research Progress on Variation Characteristics and Mechanism of Taiwan Warm Current. Mar. Sci. 2020, 44, 141–148. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, X.; Fang, M.; Huang, W. The temporal and spatial variation of suspended matter transport in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea continental shelf area. Ocean. Lakes 2000, 6, 581–587. [Google Scholar]
- Yuan, Y. Study on the Distribution and Key Processes of Nutrients in Typical Sea Areas Under Different Backgrounds of Human Activities and Natural Driving. Ph.D. Thesis, School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Institute of Oceanology), Qingdao, China, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, K.; Chao, S.; Lee, H.; Gong, G.; Teng, Y. Seasonal variation of primary productivity in the East China Sea: A numerical study based on coupled physical-biogeochemical model. Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 2010, 57, 1762–1782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, B.; Yao, P.; Bianchi, T.; Yu, Z. Controls on organic carbon burial in the Eastern China marginal seas: A regional synthesis. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2021, 35, e2020GB006608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Wu, H.; Lin, J.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, W.; Li, C. Phytoplankton blooms off a high turbidity estuary: A case study in the Changjiang River Estuary. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean. 2019, 124, 8036–8059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Llames, M.E.; Lagomarsino, L.; Diovisalvi, N.; Fermani, P.; Torremorell, A.M.; Pérez, G. The effects of light availability in shallow, turbid waters: A mesocosm study. J. Plankton Res. 2009, 31, 1517–1529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lie, H.J.; Cho, C.H.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, S. Structure and eastward extension of the Changjiang River plume in the East China Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean. 2003, 108, 3077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Peng, Y.; Yin, W. Spatial–Temporal Distribution of Offshore Transport Pathways of Coastal Water Masses in the East China Sea Based on GOCI-TSS. Water 2025, 17, 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17091370
Peng Y, Yin W. Spatial–Temporal Distribution of Offshore Transport Pathways of Coastal Water Masses in the East China Sea Based on GOCI-TSS. Water. 2025; 17(9):1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17091370
Chicago/Turabian StylePeng, Yuanjie, and Wenbin Yin. 2025. "Spatial–Temporal Distribution of Offshore Transport Pathways of Coastal Water Masses in the East China Sea Based on GOCI-TSS" Water 17, no. 9: 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17091370
APA StylePeng, Y., & Yin, W. (2025). Spatial–Temporal Distribution of Offshore Transport Pathways of Coastal Water Masses in the East China Sea Based on GOCI-TSS. Water, 17(9), 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17091370