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Volume 17
Issue 24
10.3390/w17243524
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Pico-Hydropower and Cross-Flow Technology: Bibliometric Mapping of Scientific Research and Review

by
Lozano Sanchez-Cortez
1,*,
Beatriz Salvador-Gutierrez
1,
Hermes Pantoja-Carhuavilca
2,
Oscar Tinoco-Gomez
2,
Jorge Montaño-Pisfil
3,
Wilmer Chávez-Sánchez
3,
Ricardo Gutiérrez-Tirado
3,
José Poma-García
3,
Cesar Santos-Mejia
3 and
Jesús Vara-Sanchez
3
1
Faculty of Mechanical and Fluid Engineering, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru
2
Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru
3
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad Nacional del Callao, Callao 07011, Peru
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2025, 17(24), 3524; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243524
Submission received: 22 September 2025 / Revised: 3 December 2025 / Accepted: 4 December 2025 / Published: 12 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study aims to map the evolution of pico-hydropower and Michell–Banki (cross-flow) turbine research from 2000 to 2025 through a combined bibliometric analysis and qualitative mini-review. In total, 1036 Scopus-indexed records were initially identified and refined to 922 relevant publications for analysis. Bibliometric mapping with CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix identified publication trends and seven major thematic clusters (dominated by topics such as cross-flow turbine design, renewable energy integration, and asynchronous generators), while a qualitative mini-review of key studies provided contextual depth. The analysis detected 25 keywords with strong citation bursts, indicating a shift in focus over the last decade from traditional electrical regulation toward digitalization and additive manufacturing. The mini-review distilled three dominant lines of inquiry geometric design optimization, hydraulic performance characterization, and socio-economic evaluation and highlighted critical knowledge gaps, including the absence of standardized flow–head–efficiency (Q–H–η) performance data, sparse reporting of economic metrics like levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and limited high-altitude (above 3000 m) validation of pico-hydro systems. This study’s integrative approach is unique compared to prior bibliometric or technical reviews, providing a comprehensive overview of the pico-hydropower landscape and outlining a future research agenda to standardize experimental protocols, integrate economic analysis, and extend cross-flow turbine deployments to high-Andean regions.
Keywords: Michell-Banki turbine; rural hydropower; Q–H–η curves; levelized cost of energy (LCOE); CFD optimization Michell-Banki turbine; rural hydropower; Q–H–η curves; levelized cost of energy (LCOE); CFD optimization

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sanchez-Cortez, L.; Salvador-Gutierrez, B.; Pantoja-Carhuavilca, H.; Tinoco-Gomez, O.; Montaño-Pisfil, J.; Chávez-Sánchez, W.; Gutiérrez-Tirado, R.; Poma-García, J.; Santos-Mejia, C.; Vara-Sanchez, J. Pico-Hydropower and Cross-Flow Technology: Bibliometric Mapping of Scientific Research and Review. Water 2025, 17, 3524. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243524

AMA Style

Sanchez-Cortez L, Salvador-Gutierrez B, Pantoja-Carhuavilca H, Tinoco-Gomez O, Montaño-Pisfil J, Chávez-Sánchez W, Gutiérrez-Tirado R, Poma-García J, Santos-Mejia C, Vara-Sanchez J. Pico-Hydropower and Cross-Flow Technology: Bibliometric Mapping of Scientific Research and Review. Water. 2025; 17(24):3524. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243524

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sanchez-Cortez, Lozano, Beatriz Salvador-Gutierrez, Hermes Pantoja-Carhuavilca, Oscar Tinoco-Gomez, Jorge Montaño-Pisfil, Wilmer Chávez-Sánchez, Ricardo Gutiérrez-Tirado, José Poma-García, Cesar Santos-Mejia, and Jesús Vara-Sanchez. 2025. "Pico-Hydropower and Cross-Flow Technology: Bibliometric Mapping of Scientific Research and Review" Water 17, no. 24: 3524. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243524

APA Style

Sanchez-Cortez, L., Salvador-Gutierrez, B., Pantoja-Carhuavilca, H., Tinoco-Gomez, O., Montaño-Pisfil, J., Chávez-Sánchez, W., Gutiérrez-Tirado, R., Poma-García, J., Santos-Mejia, C., & Vara-Sanchez, J. (2025). Pico-Hydropower and Cross-Flow Technology: Bibliometric Mapping of Scientific Research and Review. Water, 17(24), 3524. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243524

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