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10.3390/w16223211
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Article

Long-Term Changes in the Thermal and Ice Regime of the Biebrza River (Northeastern Poland) in the Era of Global Warming

by
Mariusz Ptak
1,*,
Salim Heddam
2,
Soufiane Haddout
3,
Mariusz Sojka
4 and
Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen
5,*
1
Department of Hydrology and Water Management, Adam Mickiewicz University, Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Poznań, Poland
2
Agronomy Department, Hydraulics Division, Faculty of Science, University 20 Août 1955 Skikda, Route El Hadaik, BP 26, Skikda 21000, Algeria
3
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
4
Department of Land Improvement, Environmental Development and Spatial Management, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94E, 60-649 Poznań, Poland
5
Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Research Unit, School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2024, 16(22), 3211; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16223211
Submission received: 12 October 2024 / Revised: 3 November 2024 / Accepted: 7 November 2024 / Published: 8 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bridging the Gaps: Hydrological Research for Sustainable River Management)
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Abstract

In the context of ongoing environmental changes, particularly against the backdrop of global warming, significant attention is being given to areas of exceptional natural value that, in many aspects, retain a pristine character. One such area is the Biebrza River in northeastern Poland, which, together with the wetlands in its basin, forms one of the most valuable ecosystems of its kind in Europe. This study analyses the changes in the thermal and ice regime for two hydrological stations, Sztabin and Burzyn, in the period from 1959 to 2023. It was found that the average annual water temperature in this period for the Biebrza River increased by 0.28 °C/decade, and in the case of ice phenomena, statistically significant changes for both stations showed a decline, with an acceleration of the ice cover disappearance by an average of 3 days/decade. These recorded changes should be considered unfavourable, as they will affect the transformation of both the biotic and abiotic characteristics of the river itself, as well as the natural elements associated with it.
Keywords: water temperature; ice phenomena; wetlands; climate changes water temperature; ice phenomena; wetlands; climate changes

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ptak, M.; Heddam, S.; Haddout, S.; Sojka, M.; Amnuaylojaroen, T. Long-Term Changes in the Thermal and Ice Regime of the Biebrza River (Northeastern Poland) in the Era of Global Warming. Water 2024, 16, 3211. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16223211

AMA Style

Ptak M, Heddam S, Haddout S, Sojka M, Amnuaylojaroen T. Long-Term Changes in the Thermal and Ice Regime of the Biebrza River (Northeastern Poland) in the Era of Global Warming. Water. 2024; 16(22):3211. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16223211

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ptak, Mariusz, Salim Heddam, Soufiane Haddout, Mariusz Sojka, and Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen. 2024. "Long-Term Changes in the Thermal and Ice Regime of the Biebrza River (Northeastern Poland) in the Era of Global Warming" Water 16, no. 22: 3211. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16223211

APA Style

Ptak, M., Heddam, S., Haddout, S., Sojka, M., & Amnuaylojaroen, T. (2024). Long-Term Changes in the Thermal and Ice Regime of the Biebrza River (Northeastern Poland) in the Era of Global Warming. Water, 16(22), 3211. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16223211

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