Stripping of Cu Ion from Aquatic Media by Means of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ Nanomaterials

Abstract

In this study, quaternary MgY₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials were produced using a simplistic ultrasonic power technique in the presence of an organic solvent, and their capability to abolish Cu (II) from an aqueous solution was evaluated. As validated by powder X-ray diffraction, the synthesized nanomaterials possessed excellent crystallinity, purity, and tiny crystalline size. According to BET and TEM, the nanomaterials with high porosity nanosheets and perfect active sites made Cu (II) removal from water treatment feasible. At a pH of 3.0, the MgY₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ displayed good Cu (II) adsorption capability. The Cu (II) adsorption adhered to the Langmuir adsorption model, with an estimated theoretical maximum adsorption aptitude of 290 mg/g. According to the kinetics investigation, the adsorption pattern best fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Depending on the FTIR results of the nanocomposite prior to and after Cu (II) uptake, surface complexation and ion exchange of Cu (II) ions with surface hydroxyl groups dominated the adsorption of Cu (II). The MgY₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials have great potential as adsorbents for Cu (II) removal due to their easy manufacturing process and high adsorption capacity. Additionally, the reuse of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials was tested through the succession of four adsorption cycles using HNO₃. The result showed the good stability of this material for mineral pollution removal.

1. Introduction

Heavy metals are found everywhere in the natural world, and as human evolution has progressed; the possibility of being poisoned by metallic substances has increased [1]. This is because the body cannot process the remaining heavy metals, which are poisonous [2]. Industrial effluent contains several toxic metals, such as lead, chromium, copper, etc. Copper is a highly desirable metal that is widely used in several industrial applications including metal polishing, electricity, and metrological uses [3,4]. In recent decades, environmental knowledge of the problems presented by the release of copper-containing wastewater has developed in tandem with the quantity of copper-containing effluent from the electronics sector [5]. Furthermore, copper is a highly hazardous metal, even in small quantities. As per the U.S. Environmental Protection Act (USEPA), the highest permissible copper ions for industrial effluents are 1.3 mg/L whereas the World Health Organization recommends a concentration of no more than 2 mg/L for drinking water [6]. Thus, copper-contaminated effluent should be cleaned prior to being released into the environment because of its toxic effects [3]. In recent years, various innovative strategies for removing copper ions from industrial effluents have been introduced, including adsorption, complexation, membrane filtering and electrocoagulation [7,8,9]. The adsorption of pollutants on the surfaces of adsorptive materials is an efficient technique for cleaning heavy metals [10,11]. Numerous materials, such as activated carbon, bentonite, and zeolite, are effective and competitive substances for use in heavy metal elimination from the aquatic environment [12,13,14].

Investigators have dedicated time and energy to invent suitable adsorption materials for removing heavy metals from wastewater [15]. Although these substances are economically affordable, we should develop methods to overcome their limitations, which are represented by their inefficiency and generation of secondary waste [16]. Recently, nanomaterials have drawn great interest for their exceptional ability to eradicate pollutants from the water system [17,18]. Enormous attempts have been made to manufacture nanocomposites with different properties by hybridizing and modification [19,20]. Different nanostructured materials exhibit several intriguing features, including particle size, mesoporosity, and large surface area [21,22]. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has emerged as an enticing research area, attracting wide multidisciplinary interest as a photocatalyst and environmental remediation material [23,24]. A g-C₃N₄ is a polymer composed of carbon and nitrogen atoms; it can be altered to change its surface properties without changing its composition and structure [25]. Because of the polymer characteristics of g-C₃N₄, its surface properties could be efficiently modified at the molecular scale through nanostructured materials [26]. In this work, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, we reported the synthesis of a MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ composite by considering the synergistic advantage of the nontoxic MgO, Y₂O₃ oxide decoration on a g-C₃N₄ platform. Then, we demonstrated its application for the successful abolishing of Cu (II) ions from aqueous solutions, where we inspected the influence of different experimental conditions on Cu (II) ions removal, and conferred the plausible mechanism for the Cu (II) ions’ interaction with the MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄.

2. Experimental Procedures

2.1. Preparation of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ Nanostructures

For MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanosorbent, 0.011 moles of MgO and 0.002 moles of Y₂O₃ nanoparticles (Sigma Aldrich) were disseminated in 0.110 L of isopropanol for 0.40 h utilizing an ultrasonic bath. After adding 0.89 g of g-C₃N₄ nanosheet to the alcoholic solution, the mixture was sonicated for an additional 0.40 h at 500 rpm. The mixtures were then heated for 24 h at 75 °C in an electric drying oven, and the obtained nano-sorbent was ground prior to calcination. The resulting materials were then subjected to an annealing process lasting for 1.5 h at 145 °C as demonstrated in Scheme 1.

2.2. Characterizations of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ Nanostructures

The crystallinity and structural features of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites were examined using an XRD system equipped with a Cu-K radiation source (𝜆 = 1.5418 Å). The surface area of the nanocomposite was estimated by N₂ adsorption/desorption at 196 °C using a Micro-metrics ASAP 2020 analyzer (Norcross, Georgia, USA). A transmission electron microscope (TEM) combined with electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry was utilized for morphology and elemental composition identification. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to probe the synthesized nanomaterials surface chemistry. FTIR was employed to study the variations of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials functional groups before and after Cu (II) elimination.

2.3. Cu (II) Adsorption Test

The isotherms for Cu (II) adsorption on MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanohybrid were examined in batch experiments. In 0.025 L glass vials, 10 mg MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ was added to Cu (II) at various concentrations from 5 to 200 ppm. The solution was stirred continuously for 24 h. After equilibrium was attained, the nanocomposite was filtered, and atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify Cu (II) concentrations. The quantity of Cu (II) ions adsorbed at any given time and consequent equilibrium magnitudes q_t and q_e were computed utilizing Formulas (1) and (2).

$$q_t=\frac{1}{m} \left(C_0-C_t\right)V$$

(1)

$$q_e=\frac{1}{m} \left(C_0-C_e\right)V$$

(2)

where the terms V, C₀, C_e and C_t stand the solution volume (L), initial concentration, equilibrium concentration, and concentration at time t of Cu (II) metal ions (mg/L) in solution, and m the adsorbent’s mass (g). The average of triplicate measurements was taken. The regeneration experiment was conducted according to [9] where the solution after Cu (II) ions adsorption adsorbent was filtered to separate the adsorbent, washed three times with de-ionized water, soaked in diluted HNO₃ and finally filtered after shaking at 300 rpm for 60 min. Then, the adsorbent was washed with deionized water and left to dry at 80 °C for 15 h before performing the next adsorption cycle.

The Freundlich [27], Langmuir [28], Dubinin–Radushkevich [29], and Temkin [30] numerical methods were applied to the experimental analysis to determine the adsorption equilibrium mechanism of the adsorbent.

$$q_e=K_F{C}_e^{1/n}$$

(3)

$$q_{e }=\frac{Q_{max}{K}_L{C}_e}{1+K_L{C}_e}$$

(4)

$$q_e=q_m{e}^{-K{\epsilon }^2}$$

(5)

$$q_e=q_{m}exp\left(-\beta {\epsilon }^2\right)$$

(6)

The isotherm of Cu (II) adsorption on MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials was examined via adding a specified quantity of adsorbent (10 mg) to a Cu (II) solution (5 to 300 mg/L) at room temperature for 1440 min.

Identifying the adsorption kinetics characteristics of the sorbent is essential in the environmental remediation of heavy metals [31]. Thus, Pseudo-first order (PFO), pseudo-second order (PSO), and intra-particle diffusion models (IPD) were used to analyze the adsorption of Cu (II) ions on MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials. The three nonlinear mathematical models used in this study are given in equations below.

Kinetics Model	Equation		Plots	Ref.
Pseudo-first-order	$q_t=\left(q_e-e^{-k1t}\right)$	(7)	$q_t vs t$	[1]
Pseudo-second-order	$q_t=\frac{q_e^2{k}_{2}t}{1+q_e{k}_{2}t}$	(8)	$q_{t}vs t$	[2,3]
Elovich	$q_t=\frac{1}{\beta }\ln \left(1+\alpha \beta t\right)$	(9)	$q_t vs t$	[4]
Intra-particle Diffusion	$q_t=k_{dif}{t}^{1/2}+C$	(10)	$q_t vs t^{1/2}$	[5,6]
Mass Transfer	$Ln\left(C_0-C_t\right)=Ln\left(D\right)- k_0·t$	(11)	$Ln\left(C_0-C_t\right) vs t$	[5,6]

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ Nanomaterial Structural Analysis

As illustrated in Figure 1a, the XRD pattern of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials indicates sharp diffraction peaks with comparative widening and intensities, indicating the production of a well-nano-crystallized phase. Employing the High Score instrument to identify peaks demonstrates the existence of MgO, Y₂O₃, and g-C₃N₄ phases. The g-C₃N₄ nanosheet diffraction peaks at 2θ = 12.84° and 27.36° match with the in-plane structural contents pattern (100) and interlayer stacking plane (002) of the hexagonal structure (JCPDS card No. 87-1526) [32]. The different peaks observed at 2θ of 36.72°, 42.84°, and 61.84° are assigned to the (111), (200), and (220) planes of the MgO cubic symmetry [33]. Besides the peaks 20.30, 29.31, 33.74, 39.72, 48.41, 53.02, and 57.51° correspond to the (211), (222), (400), (332), (440), (611) and (622) Miller indices of pure body-centered cubic Y₂O₃, respectively (JCPDS No. 41-1105) [34].

A suitable adsorbent, such as MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanoparticles, must have a substantial number of adsorption sites. In other words, the material’s surface area, pore-volume, and size should be sufficient. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption investigation (Figure 1b) demonstrates that MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanoparticles are a mesoporous material with an IUPAC type IV adsorption isotherm. The isotherm is associated with a type H1 hysteresis, suggesting a confined distribution of homogeneous mesoporous and inflexible networking impacts [35,36]. MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials have a surface area, total porous volume, and average pore size of 90.51 m²/g, 0.356 cc/g, and 2.53 nm, respectively. It is anticipated that the adsorbent’s huge surface area and porosity will expose a significant number of adsorption sites, leading to high adsorption efficiency.

TEM images of the produced MgY₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials revealed two-dimensional nanosheet-like nanoparticles, as publicized in Figure 1c–e. The combined MgO and Y₂O₃ nanoparticles in the MgY₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials exposed a particle with an average size between 20 and 50 nm, as observed. The EDX spectrum (Figure 1e) reveals recognizable Y, Mg, N, O, and C peaks, thus verifying the purity of the produced composite. In addition, the composition of C, N, O, Mg, and Y, as depicted in Figure 1f, clearly demonstrated the homogenous distribution of the elements across the examined particles.

XPS was employed to examine the surface chemical composition of MgY₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials, as well as the interaction between g-C₃N₄ and Y₂O₃ and MgO. The XPS survey spectra and high resolution XPS spectra of the O 1s, Y 3d, Mg 2p, C 1s and N 1s areas are shown in Figure 2. The survey spectra (Figure 2a) revealed the presence of C, N, O, Y, and Mg on the surface of MgY₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials. The narrow O 1s peaks in Figure 2b may be deconvoluted to three peaks with binding energies of 530.64, 532.36, and 533.90 eV, which correspond to the lattice oxygen of the layer-structured Y₂O₃, and/or MgO and adsorbed H₂O or surface hydroxyl oxygen, respectively [37]. The three primary peaks in Figure 2b, at 157.96 eV, 159.11 eV, and 160.25 eV, respectively, reflected the Y3d for Y metal and (3d5/2 and 3d3/2) of stoichiometric Y₂O₃ oxide [38,39]. The signal at 51.45 eV in the Mg XPS spectrum (Figure 2c) might be attributed to the distinctive Mg 2p peak for MgO [23]. Figure 2e shows the high-resolution C 1s spectrum, which features two distinct contributions at 284.97 and 287.60 eV, which are attributed to carbon in the C-C and C=N/C=O states, respectively [40,41]. Figure 2f shows a high-resolution N 1s spectra with three distinct peaks centered at 398.27, 400.41, and 404.17 eV, which were attributed to the pyridine N, pyrrolic N, and graphitic N, respectively [42], indicating that the MgY₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials surface was rich in nitrogen-containing functional groups.

3.2. Cu (II) Removal onto MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ Nanomaterial

3.2.1. Effect of Cu (II) Initial Concentration

The impact of Cu (II) concentration was evaluated over a wide concentrations range (5 to 300 mg/L) within ideal operating conditions. These conditions comprised 10 mg of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄, with a constant volume of Cu (II) (25 mL), room temperature, and a 24-h contact duration. The Figure 2 shows the variation of adsorption capacity as function of Cu (II) initial concentration by MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials. Figure 3 depicts the percentages and optimal adsorption capacity of Cu (II) on MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ sorbent. It can be observed that when the concentration of Cu (II) rises, the adsorbed amount also rises steadily from 9.85 to 250 mg/g. In this particular scenario, the primary driving force that rise in the initial Cu (II) concentration surmounted any impediment to Cu (II) movement from the solution [26]. Because of this, the fractional adsorption produced is directly proportional to the concentration. This behavior is similar to that obtained with Tran and his coworkers in the case of the removal of Pb (II) from aqueous media by a new design of Cu–Mg binary ferrite [36].

3.2.2. Cu (II) Removal and pH

The pH level is critical for realizing the rate of surface reactions between adsorbate (Cu (II)) and MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ sorbent. An investigation of the impact of pH on Cu²⁺ adsorption has been conducted from pH 1.0 to 8.0. Figure 4 highlights the influence of pH on adsorption capacity (mg·g⁻¹) of Cu ions where a maximum value was measured at pH 3. Adsorbate-adsorbent interactions decrease below pH = 3 because protonation takes place on the sorbent surface. A competition between H⁺ and the positively copper ions for the available active sites at the adsorbent’s surface rationalizes the reduced Cu ion adsorption at low pH values. These findings are in agreement with those reported in other studies [43]. Cu (II) has a pH dependence on its solubility as it exists as soluble free ions and Cu (OH)⁺ at lower pH levels. Moreover, Cu (II) ions tend to precipitate as copper hydroxides (Cu(OH)⁰₂, Cu(OH)₃⁻, and Cu(OH)₄²) above pH 7 [8]. Based on these findings, the quantitative Cu (II) ions elimination ability decline with the pH increase until it reaches a minimum value at pH = 8.

This behavior is similar to that obtained by Tran and his coworkers in the case of the removal of Pb (II) from aqueous media by a new design of Cu–Mg binary ferrite [36].

3.2.3. Cu (II) Elimination and Equilibrium Contact Time

The adsorption of 45 mg/L Cu (II) ions initial concentration on MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanosorbent was examined for periods of 0 to 1440 min as illustrates in Figure 5. In less than 40 min, the elimination of Cu (II) against the contact time reaches equilibrium. According to several active sites on the MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ surface, the Cu (II) sorbed quantity achieves around 86.65 mg/g. At equilibrium, the quantity of the active site normally declines, and the exclusion percentage stabilizes to a steady level. It is anticipated that the adsorbent’s vast surface area and porosity will avail a huge sum of adsorption sites, leading to enhanced adsorption efficiency [44].

3.2.4. Adsorption Isotherms Modeling

According to the initial concentration of 5 mg/L, the equilibrium concentration of Cu (II) is determined to be 9.5 mg/g, leading to an elimination rate higher than 99% (Figure 6 and

Table 1. Various equilibrium Isotherm constants for Cu (II) adsorption by the nanocomposites MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄.

Equilibrium Model	Parameters	Cu2+
Langmuir	qm (mg·g−1)	290.7
	KL (mg·g−1)	0.028
	RL (L.mg−1)	0.125
	R2	0.9965
Freundlich	n	1.48
	KF (L.mg−1)	11.36
	R2	0.9644
Temkin	B (J.mol−1)	85.65
	KT (L.mg−1)	5.46
	R2	0.9302
Dubinin-Radushkevich	β (mol2.J−2)	2.0.95 × 10−8
	q (mg·g−1)	186.32
	E (J.mol−1)	4886.5
	R2	0.9833

). This result demonstrates that MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ is powerful in Cu (II) adsorption.

The Freundlich model parameters K and n are correlated to the bond force and dispersion. The Langmuir model defines q_max as the level of solid-phase encasement of all monolayer adsorption zones (Equation (4)). K_L is associated with the adsorption free energy. For the Langmuir: the feature of the sorbent is uniform; the adsorbed molecules or atoms are kept in separate and stable sites, and each location may accommodate just one molecule or atom. The adsorption energy is constant among all parts, and there is no interplay between bordering adsorbent surfaces and adsorbed molecules. Comparatively, the Freundlich model deals with non-homogeneous systems and reversible adsorption; however, monolayer adsorption is not restricted. Figure 6a–d displays graphs of experimental values modeled via Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich. The Langmuir model demonstrates a superior matching with the data with (R² = 0.9965) compared to R² = 0.9644 for the Freundlich model (Figure 6b). The Langmuir model (Figure 6a) reveals that the highest adsorption capacity of the MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ is 290.7 mg/g. The high capacity of the nanomaterial is owing to its improved surface area and large pores [45]. This observation indicates that Cu (II) ions are captured as monolayers on the MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ surface by chemisorption, which is the predominant mechanism of the Langmuir model [46].

3.2.5. Adsorption Kinetics Modeling

Formula (7) illustrates the Lagergren PFO kinetics model with k₁ (1/min) rate constant and q_e is the highest quantity of Cu (II) ions eliminated at equilibrium. Regarding the PSO law (Formula (8)), k₂ represents the rate constant (g/mg·min) and the initial sorption rate (h₀) can be determined by h₀ = k₂.qe. The half-life time, t_1/2 = 1/(k₂.q_e2), is the time period over which Cu (II) metal ions are eliminated at half the equilibrium concentration of metal ions [47]. For the IPD mechanism model (Formula (10)), the parameters C that provides the thickness of boundary layer is obtained from the intercept, while the rate constant k_dif1 (in mg/g·min^1/2), is computed from the graph’s slope (Figure 7). A regression coefficient R² is applied to test the validity of these models.

Table 2. Calculated kinetic model parameters for Cu (II) adsorption on MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials.

Pseudo-Second-Order Model
Cu2+	qe(Exp) (mg·g−1)	t1/2 (min)	h0 (mg·g−1·min−1)	qe(Cal) (mg·g−1)	K2 × 104 (g·mg−1·min−1)	r2
	89.75 ± 1.57	24.31 ± 0.86	3.57 ± 0.12	86.88 ± 1.23	4.73 ± 0.23	0.9978
	Pseudo-First-order model			Elovich model
	qe(Cal) (mg·g−1)	K1 × 103 (min−1)	r2	β × 102 (g·mg−1)	α	r2
Cu2+	37.66 ± 1.98	2.31 ± 0.18	0.9378	8.38 ± 0.18	21.52 ± 1.26	0.9422

shows variables estimated from the analysis of measured Cu (II) sorption values by kinetic models. It is apparent that the PSO model perfectly models the kinetics data of Cu (II) adsorption on MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials since the R² is 0.9978, indicating the presence of chemisorption supporting the Langmuir mode of adsorption [46]. Moreover, the computed quantity of q_e = 86.88 mg/g is an exact match to the determined quantity of q_e = 86.88 mg/g. Therefore, according to the literature, the PSO model can be employed to forecast the adsorption of metals ion on activated carbon [48]. The PSO kinetics model can be utilized to determine entire steps of the adsorption progression, such as outer film diffusion, adsorption, and internal particle diffusion [49]. Furthermore, the experimental data have been simulated by the Elovich by q_t vs. t graph (Figure 7), where the initial rate a and β values were derived from the intercept and the slope, respectively. The parameters α and β are the initial sorption rate constant (mg/g min) and the extent of surface coverage and the activation energy for chemisorption (g/mg). The data fitting to the Elovich model is indicated by the R² (i.e., 0.9422) [50]. The relative matching with the Elovich equation corroborates a chemisorption control on the adsorption process in agreement with the PSO kinetic model [50,51].

Consequently, the data from the kinetics experiment were evaluated with the intraparticle diffusion kinetic model (Figure 8). Numerous studies have shown that the intraparticle diffusion graph may exhibit multi-linearity, indicating that multiple steps may occur in the course of the adsorption process [52]. The results suggest that the majority of data points fall within two straight lines, as shown in Figure 8. The k_dif2 estimate for the MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials is less than the k_dif1 value nominates the intra-particle diffusion as the rate-determining step for Cu (II) adsorption onto the nanomaterials fabricated. In addition, it is essential to note that the slight deviation of the straight lines at the beginning suggests that intra-particle diffusion may not be the only rate-limiting step in the adsorption of Cu (II) ions onto MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials; additional probable surface adsorption processes are involved in the overall sorption rate also [53,54]. Additionally, it is significant to point out that the small deviation of the straight lines indicates that intra-particle diffusion might not be the only factor inhibiting the adsorption of Cu (II) on nanomaterials.

Intra-Particle Diffusion/Transport Model
kdif (mg·g−1·min−1/2)	C1	r2	kdif (mg·g−1·min−1/2)	C2	r2
17.33	14.81	0.9987	1.30	49.78	0.9804

3.3. Mechanism of Cu (II) Adsorption onto MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ Nanomaterial

The MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ FT-IR spectrum is depicted in Figure 9a. The spectrum exhibits broad and weak peaks at 3030—3300 cm⁻¹, attributed to the N-H stretches and indicate the hydrogen attachment to the nitrogen atoms [55,56]. The peak located at 2168 cm⁻¹ corresponds to C≡N, but the sharp peak at 804 cm⁻¹ is belonging to the heptazine ring. The broad peaks in the 900 and 1800 cm⁻¹ range are indicative of s-triazine derivatives. The 1445 cm⁻¹ stretches can be allocated to the triazine ring (C₃N₃), whereas the maxima at 1316 and 1638 cm⁻¹ come from heptazine (C₆N₇) units [17]. The g-C₃N₄ is a graphitic combination of C₃N₃ and C₆N₇ units, according to the FTIR spectrum analysis [57]. Cu (II) adsorption on MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials was identified by FTIR analysis. The FTIR spectra of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials after Cu (II) adsorption is shown in Figure 9b. After adsorption, the stretching peaks of the O-H and ending amino groups are at lower frequencies. Meanwhile, the peak of the triazine ring mode shifts slightly to 895 cm⁻¹ from 885 cm⁻¹. Further, both 561 and 668 cm⁻¹ stretching vibration patterns [7,58] have substantially turned orientation, showing a reaction between Cu (II) and oxygen atoms of MgY₂O₄ by π-π stacking bridge. The findings suggest that functional groups of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ (OH, CN, and N-H) and p electron distributions of the triazine ring (C₃N₃) may be responsible for the binding of the Cu (II) ions to the adsorbent surface through a chemisorption route. A study by (FTIR) demonstrated that the triazine ring functions as a Lewis base and aids in the Cu (II) elimination process, as proven by FTIR investigations. Figure 9b depicts a possible adsorption pathway for Cu (II) onto MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ relying on the FTIR measurements described above.

Consistent with the data in

Table 3. Comparison of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ adsorption parameters with various adsorbents.

Adsorbents Used	Removal Capacity (mg/g)	Refs.
Alg + CNC	53.4	[59]
CNC/Sulfate (−SO3−)	17.9	[60]
CNF/Tempo	49	[60]
MWCNTs/Chitosan nanocomposite	12.12	[61]
Corn straw	12.5	[62]
Sewage sludge	10.6	[63]
Hardwood	7.4	[64]
Pristine biochar (saw dust char)	16.1	[65]
Spartina alternifora	48.5	[66]
GO/PEI	150.9	[67]
Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2-APTMS	50.5	[68]
MgY2O4@g-C3N4	290.7	Current study

, the adsorption tendency of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials towards aqueous Cu (II) was further evaluated and compared to different adsorbents that have been reported in the relevant literature. MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterial removes Cu (II) from an aqueous solution quickly because it takes less time to reach equilibrium, which is only 40 min. Also, the hetero-nanostructure of the nanomaterials has a higher adsorption capacity than other nanostructures, at 290.7 mg/g compared to 7.4–150 mg/g for other nanostructures used. The high performance of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ for removing Cu (II) is due to its remarkable nanostructure possessing high porosity. These findings make it a good and potentially competent adsorbent for abolishing various heavy metal ions in the aquatic phase. This behavior is similar that what obtained with Yang and his coworkers in the case of the amino modification of biochar for enhanced adsorption of copper ions from synthetic wastewater [54].

3.4. Reusability and Stability

The multiple uses of an adsorbent are considered by users to be of crucial importance in order to reduce wastewater management expenses and to limit the significant consumption of these adsorbents. To this end, a fairly extensive study through the succession of four adsorption cycles using the same MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials. The results presented in Figure 10 show that the percentage of degradation decreased slightly by less than 10% between the first and the fourth cycle. This decrease is mainly caused by a negligible saturation of the microporous part of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials. This study confirms that MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials could be effectively reused for the treatment of wastewater loaded with mineral pollution. Likewise, this slight decrease is considered negligible because most industrial adsorbents have a lifespan of a few months after we note a saturation of the pores with a difficulty in desorption.

A sorbent with an interesting absorption capacity and an easy regeneration capability will be selected for other applications with real effluents (pharmaceutical, agricultural and textile effluents). This behavior is similar that obtained by with Yang and his coworkers in the case of the amino modification of biochar for enhanced adsorption of copper ions from synthetic wastewater [51].

An economic analysis for the MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ can be considered from different aspects. The adsorbent is prepared of the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) which is feasibly synthesized from the most earth-abundant elements (carbon and nitrogen) to make strong covalent bonds in its conjugated layer structure and is bonded with the cheap precursors Y₂O₃ and MgO cheap precursors [69]. In addition, the adsorbent has a high adsorption capacity of 86.65 mg/g within 49 min and can be efficiently reused for four cycles. The amount of Cu (II) ions can be precipitated at high pH to obtain the hydroxides that can be employed to obtain the high-price copper entities [70].

For industrial-scale applications, the adsorbents can be sealed in a meticulous form by being lodged in an unyielding package, such as a synthetic or natural polymer, to ensure nanomaterial trapping and non-release in the water system. Such a prearrangement can be implemented to shuffle to a fixed-bed column for continuous flow treatment pilots [71].

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, MgY₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials were produced and tested as a Cu (II) adsorbent material in water. The BET and TEM analyses validated the material’s nanomaterials morphology. At a pH of 3.0, the MgY₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials displayed outstanding Cu (II) adsorption capability. Cu (II) adsorption on MgY₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials followed the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum theoretical adsorption capacity of 290.7 mg/g. Adsorption kinetics suggested that the pseudo-second-order model may be used to describe the adsorption process. An FTIR examination revealed an abundance of hydroxyl groups on the surface of MgY₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials and surface complexation dominated Cu (II) adsorption. MgY₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanoparticles have tremendous potential as an adsorbent for removing Cu (II) from an aqueous solution in environmental pollution treatment due to their easy fabrication and high removal capability. Moreover, the results of the reusability analysis showed that the percentage of degradation decreased slightly by less than 10% between the first and the fourth cycle. This decrease is mainly caused by a negligible saturation of the microporous part of MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials. This study confirms that MgY₂O₄@g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials could be effectively reused for the treatment of wastewater loaded with mineral pollution. The behavior of this material should be validated in other real matrices (containing a particle and mineral pollution. This will be the subject of our future investigations.