Investigating Climate Change Effects on Evapotranspiration and Groundwater Recharge of the Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Nile Delta Study Area
2.2. Crop Consumptions
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Model Description
Model Calibration
2.5. Climate Trend Analysis
2.6. Case Scenarios
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Trend Analysis of Actual Evapotranspiration in the Nile Delta
3.2. Hydrological Water Balance of Nile Delta Aquifer
3.3. Quantification of Evapotranspiration–Aquifer Interaction
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Case | Unit | Layer No. | Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Conductivities | Specific Storage Ss (m−1) | Specific Yield Sy (-) | Effective Porosity (%) | Recharge (mm day−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kh (m day−1) | Kv (m day−1) | |||||||
Initial | Clay cap | 1 | 0.10–0.25 | 0.01–0.025 | 10−3 | 0.10 | 50–60 | 0.25–0.80 |
Quaternary aquifer | 2–11 | 5–100 | 0.50–10 | 5 × 10−3–5 × 10−4 | 0.15–0.20 | 30–20 | ||
Calibrated | Clay cap | 1 | 0.35 | 0.035 | 10−3 | 0.10 | 50–60 | 0.01–1.05 |
Quaternary aquifer | 2–11 | 25–150 | 2.5–15 | 5 × 10−3–5 × 10−4 | 0.15–0.20 | 30–20 |
Boundary Parameter | Base Case | Simulation Period | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Until 2030 | Until 2050 | Until 2070 | ||
Constant heads | 840,030 | 1,073,700 | 1,102,500 | 1,208,900 |
Flow into the aquifer | 6,000,400 | 4,815,900 | 4,692,300 | 4,271,700 |
Canals leakage | 732,910 | 985,600 | 1,014,400 | 1,116,100 |
Total inflow | 7,573,340 | 6,875,200 | 6,809,200 | 6,596,700 |
Constant heads | 1,656,200 | 1,394,600 | 1,370,400 | 1,292,200 |
Wells | 4,378,700 | 4,378,700 | 4,378,700 | 4,378,700 |
Drains | 1,480,900 | 1,068,100 | 1,027,700 | 897,500 |
Canal leakage | 23,176 | 6,167.40 | 5,572.80 | 3,888.50 |
General heads | 34,346 | 27,614 | 26,913 | 24,522 |
Total outflow | 7,573,322 | 6,875,181 | 6,809,286 | 6,596,811 |
Boundary Parameter | % Increase (+) or Decrease (−) Compared to the Base Case | ||
---|---|---|---|
Until 2030 | Until 2050 | Until 2070 | |
Constant heads | 27.8 | 31.2 | 43.9 |
Flow into the aquifer | −19.7 | −21.8 | −28.8 |
Canals leakage | 34.5 | 38.4 | 52.3 |
Total inflow | −9.2 | −10.1 | −12.9 |
Constant head | −15.8 | −17.3 | −22.0 |
Wells | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Drains | −27.9 | −30.6 | −39.4 |
Canals leakage | −73.4 | −76.0 | −83.2 |
General heads | −19.6 | −21.6 | −28.6 |
Total outflow | −9.2 | −10.1 | −12.9 |
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Eltarabily, M.G.; Abd-Elaty, I.; Elbeltagi, A.; Zeleňáková, M.; Fathy, I. Investigating Climate Change Effects on Evapotranspiration and Groundwater Recharge of the Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt. Water 2023, 15, 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030572
Eltarabily MG, Abd-Elaty I, Elbeltagi A, Zeleňáková M, Fathy I. Investigating Climate Change Effects on Evapotranspiration and Groundwater Recharge of the Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt. Water. 2023; 15(3):572. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030572
Chicago/Turabian StyleEltarabily, Mohamed Galal, Ismail Abd-Elaty, Ahmed Elbeltagi, Martina Zeleňáková, and Ismail Fathy. 2023. "Investigating Climate Change Effects on Evapotranspiration and Groundwater Recharge of the Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt" Water 15, no. 3: 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030572