Influence of High-Frequency, Low-Voltage Alternating Electric Fields on Biofilm Development Processes of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Strain and Culture Conditions
2.2. Flow Cells and Electric Field Exposure Devices
2.3. Experimental Conditions
2.3.1. Exposure of Alternating Electric Fields during Biofilm Development Processes
2.3.2. Exposure of Alternating Electric Fields during Cell Detachment
2.3.3. Combination of Alternating Electric Fields and Hydrodynamic Shear
2.4. Quantification of Adhered Cell Numbers and Extracellular Polymeric Substances
2.5. Quantification of Total Biofilm Biomass via Crystal Violet Assay
2.6. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Alternating Electric Field on Biofilm Development Processes
3.2. Morphological Characteristics of the Adherent Cells
3.3. Effect of Alternating Electric Field on Biofilm Detachment
3.4. Combined Effect of Alternating Electric Field and Hydrodynamic Shear Forces
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Flow Rate (mL/min) | Velocity (mm/s) | Reynolds Number | Shear Rate (Pa) |
---|---|---|---|
0.08 | 0.33 | 0.60 | 0.002 |
0.2 | 0.83 | 1.5 | 0.004 |
0.4 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 0.009 |
0.6 | 2.5 | 4.5 | 0.013 |
Condition | Mean Cell Length (µm) | Volume Per Cell (µm3) | Total Adherent Cells (Cells/Channel) | Total Volume (µm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control cells | 1.47 | 1.15 | 106 | 106 |
Treated cells | 2.39 | 1.88 | 106 | 106 |
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Kunlasubpreedee, P.; Tobino, T.; Nakajima, F. Influence of High-Frequency, Low-Voltage Alternating Electric Fields on Biofilm Development Processes of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Water 2023, 15, 3055. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173055
Kunlasubpreedee P, Tobino T, Nakajima F. Influence of High-Frequency, Low-Voltage Alternating Electric Fields on Biofilm Development Processes of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Water. 2023; 15(17):3055. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173055
Chicago/Turabian StyleKunlasubpreedee, Patthranit, Tomohiro Tobino, and Fumiyuki Nakajima. 2023. "Influence of High-Frequency, Low-Voltage Alternating Electric Fields on Biofilm Development Processes of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa" Water 15, no. 17: 3055. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173055