Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Water Sources in Bali Province
2.2. Study Areas
2.3. Data Collection
2.3.1. Sampling and Wastewater Quality Analysis
2.3.2. Lagoon Profile Monitoring
2.3.3. Monthly Inflow and Water Quality Data
2.3.4. Rainfall Data
2.3.5. Acceptance and Potential Uses of Reclaimed Water
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Statistical Analysis
2.4.2. Tourism Water Demand
2.4.3. Oxygen Demand in Aerated Lagoons
3. Results
3.1. Wastewater Quality
3.2. Performance of the WWTPs
3.2.1. Comparison of BOD, COD, and TSS Removal Rates
3.2.2. Performance Evaluation of Suwung WWTP Treatment Process
3.2.3. Profile Monitoring Results
3.3. Wastewater Inflow and Rainfall
3.4. Reclaimed Water Demand and Rainfall
3.5. Acceptance and Potential Uses of Reclaimed Water
4. Discussion
4.1. Potential of Water Reuse in Bali Province
4.2. Improvement in WWTP Treatment Efficiency
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No. | Regency/City | Area (km2) | Total Population (thousand) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Badung Regency | 398.8 | 549.5 |
2 | Bangli Regency | 526.8 | 267.1 |
3 | Buleleng Regency | 1322.7 | 825.1 |
4 | Gianyar Regency | 364.4 | 524.0 |
5 | Jembrana Regency | 849.1 | 327.9 |
6 | Karangasem Regency | 839.3 | 511.3 |
7 | Klungkung Regency | 314.0 | 214.0 |
8 | Tabanan Regency | 849.3 | 469.3 |
9 | Denpasar City | 125.9 | 726.8 |
No. | Hotel | Category | Interested/Not Interested in Using Reclaimed Water | Reasons |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A | Three-star hotel | Interested | The total garden area is 500 m2 |
2 | B | Three-star hotel | Interested | They want to be an eco-friendly hotel (the total garden is only 10–15 m2) |
3 | C | Four-star hotel | Not Interested | Unpleasant odors and disgust at human waste |
4 | D | Four-star hotel | Not Interested | Pathogenic microorganisms |
5 | E | Zero-star hotel | Not Interested | Religious or ethical reasons |
6 | F | Zero-star hotel | Not Interested | Unpleasant odors |
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Parameter | Unit | Analytical Device |
---|---|---|
Physicochemical | ||
Temperature | °C | Horiba Laquatwin EC-33 (Pocket Water Quality Meters); HORIBA Advanced Techno Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan |
Electrical conductivity | μS/cm | |
TDS | mg/L | |
TSS | mg/L | DR900 Multiparameter Portable Colorimeter; Hach Company, Loveland, CO, USA |
pH | - | Horiba Laquatwin pH-22 (Pocket Water Quality Meters); HORIBA Advanced Techno Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan |
BOD | mg/L | Kyoritsu Pack Test BOD (Visual Colorimetric Method); Kyoritsu Chemical-Check Lab., Corp., Yokohama, Japan |
COD | mg/L | DR900 Multiparameter Portable Colorimeter; Hach Company, Loveland, CO, USA |
Microbial | ||
E. coli | CFU/100 mL | Compact Dry Nissui; Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan |
Total coliforms | CFU/100 mL |
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Widianingtias, M.; Kazama, S.; Benyapa, S.; Takizawa, S. Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia. Water 2023, 15, 2642. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142642
Widianingtias M, Kazama S, Benyapa S, Takizawa S. Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia. Water. 2023; 15(14):2642. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142642
Chicago/Turabian StyleWidianingtias, Mitria, Shinobu Kazama, Sawangjang Benyapa, and Satoshi Takizawa. 2023. "Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia" Water 15, no. 14: 2642. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142642
APA StyleWidianingtias, M., Kazama, S., Benyapa, S., & Takizawa, S. (2023). Assessment of Water Reclamation and Reuse Potential in Bali Province, Indonesia. Water, 15(14), 2642. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142642