Groundwater Management for Agricultural Purposes Using Fuzzy Logic Technique in an Arid Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Study Aims and Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.3. Geospatial Analysis Using Fuzzy Membership
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydrochemistry
3.2. Mechanism Controlling the Type and Chemistry of the Groundwater
3.3. Saturation Index
3.4. Irrigation Suitability Plot
3.5. Fuzzy GIS Maps and Irrigation Groundwater Quality Indices
3.6. Final Fuzzy Overlay Map
3.7. Livestock Suitability
3.8. Management of Brackish Groundwater
3.9. Fit for Purpose (FFP)
4. Conclusions and Limitations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Rawdhatain (RA), n = 38 | Umm Al Aish (UA), n = 30 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max | Min | Avg | Max | Min | Avg | |
Ca2+ | 639 | 14.0 | 201 | 2802 | 35.3 | 349 |
Mg2+ | 121 | 1.10 | 30.0 | 365 | 1.10 | 48.8 |
Na+ | 2932 | 21.2 | 502 | 6828 | 16.0 | 666 |
K+ | 22.3 | 0.30 | 5.00 | 39.8 | 3.00 | 11.2 |
Cl− | 2385 | 16.0 | 514 | 15,244 | 30.0 | 1191 |
HCO3− | 318 | 19.0 | 131 | 420 | 13.0 | 168 |
NO3− | 113 | 1.50 | 38.1 | 94.3 | 1.20 | 23.0 |
PO43− | 1.10 | <0.01 | 0.10 | 1.70 | <0.01 | 0.20 |
SO42− | 5042 | 21.0 | 857 | 4039 | 72.1 | 761 |
TDS | 9040 | 328 | 2196 | 27,821 | 397 | 3078 |
EC | 14,130 | 512 | 3222 | 43,470 | 621 | 4809 |
pH | 9.20 | 6.80 | 7.70 | 8.80 | 6.90 | 7.60 |
Temperature | 32.0 | 26.0 | 29.4 | 31.0 | 28.0 | 30.0 |
Rawdhatain | Umm Al Aish | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Result | Classification | Fuzzy Membership Classification | Result | Classification | Fuzzy Membership Classification |
EC | 512–750 | Good | <0.017 | <750 | Good | <0.003 |
750–2250 | Permissible | 0.003–0.037 | ||||
750–2250 | Permissible | 0.017–0.128 | 2250–5000 | Doubtful | 0.037–0.108 | |
>2250 | Doubtful | 0.128–1 | >5000 | Unsuitable | 0.108–1 | |
KR | <1 | Safe | <0.064 | <1 | Safe | <0.381 |
>1 | Unsafe | 0.064–1 | >1 | Unsafe | >0.381 | |
Na% | <20 | Excellent | <0.021 | <20 | Excellent | <0.200 |
20–40 | Good | 0.021–0.296 | 20–40 | Good | 0.200–0.512 | |
40–60 | Permissible | 0.296–0.560 | 40–60 | Permissible | 0.512–0.821 | |
60–80 | Doubtful | 0.560–0.836 | 60–80 | Doubtful | 0.821–1 | |
>80 | Unsuitable | 0.836–1 | ||||
PI | 51–75 | Good | 0.860–1 | 51–75 | Good | 0–0.552 |
>75 | Suitable | <0.860 | >75 | Suitable | >0.552 | |
PS | 1.3–3 | Suitable | <0.013 | <3 | Suitable | <0.003 |
3–15 | Moderate | 0.013–0.114 | 3–15 | Moderate | 0.003–0.027 | |
15–20 | Unsuitable | 0.114–0.157 | 15–20 | Unsuitable | 0.027–1 | |
20–120 | 0.157–1 | >20 | ||||
SAR | 0.6–10 | Excellent | <0.325 | <10 | Excellent | <0.301 |
10–18 | Good | 0.325–0.592 | 10–18 | Good | 0.301–0.554 | |
18–26 | Fair | 0.592–0.916 | 18–26 | Fair | 0.554–0.792 | |
26–29 | Poor | 0.915–1 | >26 | Poor | >0.792 | |
SSP | <20 | Excellent | <0.037 | <20 | Excellent | <0.210 |
20–40 | Good | 0.037–0.306 | 20–40 | Good | 0.210–0.517 | |
40–60 | Permissible | 0.306–0.570 | 40–60 | Permissible | 0.517–0.823 | |
60–80 | Doubtful | 0.507–0.834 | 60–80 | Doubtful | 0.823–1 | |
>80 | Unsuitable | 0.834–1 | ||||
MAR | 4.4–18 | Safe | 0 | 0.7–14 | Safe | 0 |
18–31 | 14–27 | |||||
RSC | <1.25 | Good | 0 | <0.2 | Good | 0 |
Category | Rawdhatain | Umm Al Aish | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Area (sq km) | Percentage | Area (sq km) | Percentage | |
Excellent | 4.44 | 8.40% | 2.64 | 5.90% |
Good | 30.1 | 56.6% | 20.76 | 46.5% |
Medium | 17.1 | 32.2% | 13.25 | 29.7% |
Poor | 1.50 | 2.81% | 7.93 | 17.7% |
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Al-Rashidi, A.; Sabarathinam, C.; Samayamanthula, D.R.; Alsabti, B.; Rashid, T. Groundwater Management for Agricultural Purposes Using Fuzzy Logic Technique in an Arid Region. Water 2023, 15, 2674. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142674
Al-Rashidi A, Sabarathinam C, Samayamanthula DR, Alsabti B, Rashid T. Groundwater Management for Agricultural Purposes Using Fuzzy Logic Technique in an Arid Region. Water. 2023; 15(14):2674. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142674
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Rashidi, Amjad, Chidambaram Sabarathinam, Dhanu Radha Samayamanthula, Bedour Alsabti, and Tariq Rashid. 2023. "Groundwater Management for Agricultural Purposes Using Fuzzy Logic Technique in an Arid Region" Water 15, no. 14: 2674. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142674