Hydrochemical Characteristics, Water Quality, and Evolution of Groundwater in Northeast China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.3. Entropy-Weighted Water Quality Index (EWQI)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydrochemical Composition and Hydrochemical Types
3.1.1. Chemical Composition Characteristics of Groundwater
3.1.2. Hydrochemical Type
3.1.3. Relationship between Chemical Indexes
3.2. Control Factors of Groundwater Hydrochemistry
3.2.1. Natural Factors
3.2.2. Human Activity Input
3.3. Groundwater Quality
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Parameter | Mean | Standard Deviation | Min | Max | NSPRC (NSPRC, 2017) | Coefficient Variation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K+/mg·L−1 | 3.01 | 4.83 | 0.08 | 61.17 | — | 1.61 |
Na+/mg·L−1 | 23.23 | 12.53 | 2.75 | 65.22 | 200.00 | 0.54 |
Ca2+/mg·L−1 | 45.76 | 25.59 | 0.34 | 142.28 | — | 0.56 |
Mg2+/mg·L−1 | 16.13 | 10.74 | 2.52 | 67.47 | — | 0.67 |
Cl−/mg·L−1 | 12.45 | 15.31 | 1.77 | 109.02 | 250.00 | 1.23 |
SO42−/mg·L−1 | 9.31 | 32.04 | 0.00 | 450.00 | 250.00 | 0.54 |
HCO3−/mg·L−1 | 255.28 | 138.65 | 0.00 | 682.63 | — | 3.16 |
NO3−/mg·L−1 | 10.21 | 24.57 | 0.00 | 205.00 | 88.60 | 2.41 |
TDS/mg·L−1 | 285.94 | 118.59 | 85.24 | 839.64 | 1000.00 | 0.41 |
TH/mg·L−1 | 178.33 | 93.62 | 20.80 | 474.95 | 450.00 | 0.52 |
pH | 7.15 | 0.42 | 5.46 | 9.04 | 6.5–8.5 | 0.06 |
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Zhang, T.; Wang, P.; He, J.; Liu, D.; Wang, M.; Wang, M.; Xia, S. Hydrochemical Characteristics, Water Quality, and Evolution of Groundwater in Northeast China. Water 2023, 15, 2669. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142669
Zhang T, Wang P, He J, Liu D, Wang M, Wang M, Xia S. Hydrochemical Characteristics, Water Quality, and Evolution of Groundwater in Northeast China. Water. 2023; 15(14):2669. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142669
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Tao, Pei Wang, Jin He, Dandan Liu, Min Wang, Mingguo Wang, and Shibin Xia. 2023. "Hydrochemical Characteristics, Water Quality, and Evolution of Groundwater in Northeast China" Water 15, no. 14: 2669. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142669