Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Irrigation and Drinking Water in Bangong Co Lake Watershed in Northwest Tibetan Plateau
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Measurement
2.3. Data Processing
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Composition of Different Water Bodies in Bangong Lake Basin
3.1.1. Statistical Characteristics of Parameters
3.1.2. Ion Spatial Distribution
3.1.3. Piper Diagram and Hydrochemical Classification
3.2. Cause Analysis of Hydrochemical Characteristics
3.2.1. Gibbs Diagrams
3.2.2. Ion Ratio Analysis
3.2.3. Hydrochemical Modeling of Mineral Saturation Index (SI)
3.2.4. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
3.3. Water Quality Evaluation
3.3.1. Assessment of Groundwater Suitability for Drinking Purposes
3.3.2. Water Evaluation for Irrigation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Type | pH | TDS | TH | EC | K+ | Na+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Cl− | SO42− | HCO3− | NO3− | F− | Fe | Mn | As | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glacier (n = 3) | min | 6.6 | 13 | 9 | 23 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 3.08 | 0.22 | 1.04 | 1.96 | 6.67 | 0.18 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
max | 7.6 | 25 | 12 | 43 | 0.26 | 0.66 | 3.66 | 0.58 | 1.25 | 2.83 | 8.00 | 0.64 | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Ave | 7.2 | 20 | 10 | 35 | 0.20 | 0.49 | 3.44 | 0.36 | 1.12 | 2.38 | 7.56 | 0.35 | - | - | - | - | |
CV | 6 | 27 | 10 | 24 | 24 | 36 | 7 | 43 | 8 | 15 | 8 | 60 | - | - | - | - | |
River water (n = 24) | min | 7.1 | 81 | 58 | 145 | 0.41 | 1.41 | 10.40 | 3.23 | 1.76 | 7.63 | 52.20 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
max | 8.5 | 438 | 467 | 779 | 6.31 | 65.60 | 88.50 | 52.06 | 50.60 | 132.62 | 427.50 | 63.83 | 0.7 | 0.138 | 0.398 | 0.011 | |
Ave | 7.8 | 282 | 196 | 498 | 2.28 | 26.98 | 39.93 | 19.89 | 27.65 | 31.89 | 211.56 | 7.68 | 0.2 | 0.044 | 0.115 | 0.005 | |
CV | 5 | 39 | 47 | 39 | 52 | 61 | 50 | 54 | 54 | 90 | 47 | 213 | 87 | 82 | 143 | 68 | |
Lake water (n = 14) | min | 8.1 | 406 | 258 | 385 | 1.88 | 46.30 | 6.91 | 14.60 | 3.35 | 38.50 | 168.0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.002 |
max | 8.5 | 4491 | 2854 | 7861 | 83.10 | 1089.0 | 39.80 | 266.40 | 1163.60 | 1004.00 | 1092.0 | 1.02 | ND | 0.091 | 0.010 | 0.044 | |
Ave | 8.4 | 2606 | 1573 | 4546 | 37.85 | 638.31 | 15.84 | 134.06 | 618.50 | 605.25 | 700.64 | 0.10 | - | 0.043 | 0.003 | 0.020 | |
CV | 1 | 62 | 43 | 61 | 73 | 68 | 56 | 58 | 69 | 65 | 52 | 278 | - | 60 | 76 | 63 | |
Groundwater (n = 19) | min | 6.8 | 124 | 79 | 220 | 0.94 | 3.10 | 12.33 | 7.43 | 3.40 | 0.33 | 66.50 | 1.09 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
max | 8.4 | 972 | 754 | 1706 | 23.44 | 184.0 | 180.00 | 93.50 | 256.00 | 528.00 | 581.70 | 68.57 | 1.5 | 0.224 | 0.441 | 0.003 | |
Ave | 7.7 | 414 | 302 | 729 | 5.79 | 45.75 | 66.79 | 32.98 | 49.52 | 92.43 | 287.19 | 28.83 | 0.5 | 0.060 | 0.127 | 0.002 | |
CV | 5 | 63 | 61 | 62 | 94 | 96 | 75 | 70 | 132 | 134 | 53 | 68 | 90 | 124 | 117 | 16 | |
Jieze salt lake [48] | - | - | - | - | 18,149 | 89,232 | 115 | 28,961 | 142,324 | 127,351 | 4054 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Taicuo salt lake [49] | - | - | - | - | 95 ± 37 | 1563 ± 887 | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 133 ± 12 | 1773 ± 653 | 628 ± 227 | 805 ± 413 | - | - | - | - | - | |
WHO limit [40] | - | 1000 | 500 | - | - | 200 | - | - | 250 | 250 | - | 50 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Elements | Component | |
---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | |
K+ | 0.305 | 0.041 |
Na+ | 0.317 | 0.012 |
Ca2+ | −0.081 | 0.676 |
Mg2+ | 0.312 | 0.115 |
Cl− | 0.317 | 0.034 |
SO42− | 0.311 | 0.102 |
HCO3− | 0.300 | 0.172 |
NO3− | −0.079 | 0.636 |
TDS | 0.317 | 0.041 |
EC | 0.318 | 0.041 |
TH | 0.302 | 0.047 |
pH | 0.182 | −0.248 |
As | 0.289 | −0.126 |
Eigenvalue | 9.801 | 1.767 |
Variance (%) | 75.393 | 13.593 |
Parameters | Weight | Relative Weight |
---|---|---|
Na+ | 2 | 0.047 |
Cl− | 4 | 0.093 |
SO42− | 3 | 0.070 |
NO3− | 5 | 0.116 |
TDS | 5 | 0.116 |
pH | 3 | 0.070 |
As | 5 | 0.116 |
TH | 3 | 0.070 |
Fe | 4 | 0.093 |
Mn | 4 | 0.093 |
F− | 5 | 0.116 |
IWQ Parameters and Equations | Irrigation Problem | Degree of Restriction on Use | Number of Samples (%) | Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | Slight to Moderate | Severe | None | Slight to Moderate | Severe | |||
EC (μS/cm) | Salinty | <700 | 700~3000 | >3000 | 35 (58%) | 17 (28%) | 8 (13%) | [43] |
SAR = | Permeability | >700 | 700~200 | <200 | 51 (85%) | 1 (2%) | 8 (13%) | [65] [43] |
PI = | <25 | 25~75 | >75 | 19 (32%) | 41 (68%) | 0 | [63] | |
MHR = | <50 | >50 | 33 (55%) | - | 27 (45%) | [64] |
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Shao, Y.; Yan, B.; Liu, L.; Yu, X.; Feng, G.; Zhang, K.; Gong, K. Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Irrigation and Drinking Water in Bangong Co Lake Watershed in Northwest Tibetan Plateau. Water 2023, 15, 2655. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142655
Shao Y, Yan B, Liu L, Yu X, Feng G, Zhang K, Gong K. Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Irrigation and Drinking Water in Bangong Co Lake Watershed in Northwest Tibetan Plateau. Water. 2023; 15(14):2655. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142655
Chicago/Turabian StyleShao, Yuxiang, Buqing Yan, Lubaiyang Liu, Xiao Yu, Gang Feng, Kun Zhang, and Kang Gong. 2023. "Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Irrigation and Drinking Water in Bangong Co Lake Watershed in Northwest Tibetan Plateau" Water 15, no. 14: 2655. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142655
APA StyleShao, Y., Yan, B., Liu, L., Yu, X., Feng, G., Zhang, K., & Gong, K. (2023). Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Irrigation and Drinking Water in Bangong Co Lake Watershed in Northwest Tibetan Plateau. Water, 15(14), 2655. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142655