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Article

Evaluation of Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Design Features in Tropical Urban Cities: A Case Study in Singapore

by
Teck Heng Neo
1,
Dong Xu
1,
Harsha Fowdar
2,
David T. McCarthy
2,
Enid Yingru Chen
3,
Theresa Marie Lee
3,
Geok Suat Ong
3,
Fang Yee Lim
1,
Say Leong Ong
1 and
Jiangyong Hu
1,*
1
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
2
Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
3
PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency, 40 Scotts Road #09-01 Environment Building, Singapore 228231, Singapore
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2022, 14(3), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030468
Submission received: 29 December 2021 / Revised: 23 January 2022 / Accepted: 26 January 2022 / Published: 4 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Runoff Control and Sponge City Construction)
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Abstract

In Singapore, active, beautiful, clean waters design features (ABCWDFs), such as rain gardens and vegetated swales, are used as a sustainable approach for stormwater management. Field monitoring studies characterising the performance of these design features in the tropical region are currently limited, hampering the widespread implementation of these systems. This study characterised the performance of individual ABCWDFs in the tropical climate context by monitoring a rain garden (FB7) and a vegetated swale (VS1) that were implemented in a 4-ha urban residential precinct for a period of 15 months. Results showed that total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were low in the new residential precinct runoff, leading to poor removal efficiency despite the effluent concentrations of individual ABCWDFs that were within the local stormwater treatment objectives. Average TSS, TP and TN EMCs of four sub-catchment outlets were lower (23.2 mg/L, 0.11 mg/L and 1.00 mg/L, respectively) when compared to the runoff quality of the major catchments in Singapore, potentially demonstrating that the ABCWDFs are effective in improving the catchment runoff quality. Findings from this study can help to better understand the performance of ABCWDFs receiving low influent concentrations and implications for further investigations to improve stormwater runoff management in the tropics.
Keywords: urban stormwater runoff management; field monitoring; ABC Waters design features; water quality; bioretention; swales urban stormwater runoff management; field monitoring; ABC Waters design features; water quality; bioretention; swales

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MDPI and ACS Style

Neo, T.H.; Xu, D.; Fowdar, H.; McCarthy, D.T.; Chen, E.Y.; Lee, T.M.; Ong, G.S.; Lim, F.Y.; Ong, S.L.; Hu, J. Evaluation of Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Design Features in Tropical Urban Cities: A Case Study in Singapore. Water 2022, 14, 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030468

AMA Style

Neo TH, Xu D, Fowdar H, McCarthy DT, Chen EY, Lee TM, Ong GS, Lim FY, Ong SL, Hu J. Evaluation of Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Design Features in Tropical Urban Cities: A Case Study in Singapore. Water. 2022; 14(3):468. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030468

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neo, Teck Heng, Dong Xu, Harsha Fowdar, David T. McCarthy, Enid Yingru Chen, Theresa Marie Lee, Geok Suat Ong, Fang Yee Lim, Say Leong Ong, and Jiangyong Hu. 2022. "Evaluation of Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Design Features in Tropical Urban Cities: A Case Study in Singapore" Water 14, no. 3: 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030468

APA Style

Neo, T. H., Xu, D., Fowdar, H., McCarthy, D. T., Chen, E. Y., Lee, T. M., Ong, G. S., Lim, F. Y., Ong, S. L., & Hu, J. (2022). Evaluation of Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Design Features in Tropical Urban Cities: A Case Study in Singapore. Water, 14(3), 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030468

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