Hybrid Pumped Hydro Storage Energy Solutions towards Wind and PV Integration: Improvement on Flexibility, Reliability and Energy Costs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hybrid and Pumped Storage Technologies
2.1. Characterization
2.2. Optimal Design of a Hybrid System
2.2.1. Dispatch Optimization Model
2.2.2. Operating Principles and Important Restrictions
2.2.3. Daily Cycle for Electricity Supply
3. Case Study
3.1. Modelling Assumptions
3.2. Results
3.2.1. Scenario 1
3.2.2. Scenario 2
3.2.3. Scenario 3
3.2.4. Scenario 4
4. Energy Balance
5. Water–Energy Nexus
6. Conclusions
- (a)
- The optimization showed that in a hybrid solution, turbines and pumps can be used at the same time depending on the intermittency, availability and optimized variables, which include different renewable sources, the storage capacity and the load demand. The pumping system can be supplied by intermittent renewable sources when available, and at the same time, can be guaranteed a constant power production by hydraulic turbines. The only one pipe for the P/T solution requires different hours for each operation or the use of separate pipes, which can offer more operating flexibility, where one is kept running when the other is stopped or in operation, depending on the sources’ availability, constancy or intermittency, type of storage or type of grid connection;
- (b)
- Three sources were combined considering different pump/turbine installations, wind/solar powers and different water batteries as volume capacities. The analysis revealed that P/Ts with 4 MW are economically viable compared to 6 MW and 2 MW, with 70% to 85% satisfaction of consumption levels;
- (c)
- After selecting the best installation power for P/Ts, four scenarios were tested, changing the wind/solar powers and the water storage capacity. Three types of analyses were performed from the point of view of energy, economy and CO2 emissions. The results obtained show the process of selecting the best scenario is not straightforward, depending on the final goal. Therefore, this analysis unfolds in important points:
- i.
- Scenario 1 stands out from the point of view of reliability and flexibility, where there is a better use of hydropower (Figure 14 and Figure 15), specifically to accommodate the largest shares of other intermittent renewable (solar and wind) energies with a better bridge and compensation between these energy sources;
- ii.
- Scenario 2 showed a 4% increase in satisfied consumption from an operational point of view, maintaining the same characteristics as scenario 1 but requiring an increase in the installed wind power;
- iii.
- In scenario 3, increasing storage capacity to 288 MWh does not make a significant contribution to the best operation of the system. As a result, the reservoir is oversized to meet the satisfied consumption, i.e., there is a dependency not only on the maximum daily energy use of the system but also on the hydropower system;
- iv.
- In both scenarios 1 and 2, surplus energy from renewables produced at times of low demand (e.g., solar power in summer) can be stored and ready for release when demand rises;
- v.
- Scenario 1 offers more advantages and greater economic viability also in terms of CO2 emissions. This hybrid solution is less expensive, with an interesting pay-back period of 7 years, considering the powers installed, with a lower initial capital cost than that of the other scenarios.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
AS | net annual saving (€) |
B | benefit (€) |
BPP | basic payback period (years) |
coefficient of the pump/motor unit (m3/kWh) | |
turbine generating coefficient (kWh/m3) | |
C | total investment cost (€) |
CP/T | pump/turbine energy solution cost (€) |
CPHS | Pump hydro system cost (€) |
Cw | wind energy solution cost (€) |
Pump power installed (MW) | |
Turbine power installed (MW) | |
G | acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) |
H | hybrid power/energy available (MW) |
H | net head (m) |
IRR | internal rate of return (%) |
N | lifecycle of the project (years) |
NPV | net present value (€) |
pf | peak factors |
Ps | solar power (MW) |
PHS | pumped hydro storage |
Pw | wind power (MW) |
Qp | pump flow (m3/s) |
Qt | turbine flow (m3/s) |
R | the discount rate (%) |
S | solar energy (MW) |
V | storage capacity (m3) |
Vp | pump volume (m3) |
Vres | volume of the reservoir (m3) |
maximum volume of the reservoir (m3) | |
minimum volume of the reservoir (m3) | |
Vt | turbine volume (m3) |
W | wind energy (MW) |
Greek letters | |
pumping efficiency (%) | |
efficiency of the turbine/generator unit (%) | |
density of the water (kg/m3) |
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Days | Tarif Period | Winter | Summer |
---|---|---|---|
Workdays | Peak | 5 h/day | 3 h/day |
Half-peak | 12 h/day | 14 h/day | |
Normal off-peak | 3 h/day | 3 h/day | |
Super off-peak | 4 h/day | 4 h/day | |
Saturdays | Half-peak | 7 h/day | |
Normal off-peak | 13 h/day | ||
Super off-peak | 4 h/day | ||
Sundays | Normal off-peak | 20 h/day | |
Super off-peak | 4 h/day |
V (m3) | Pw (MW) | PP/T (MW) | Cw (€) | CP/T (€) | CPHS (€) | Total (€) | Profit (€) | Return (Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
378,000 | 4 | 6 | 2,333,320 | 303,834 | 835,544 | 3,168,864 | 282,336 | 11.2 |
378,000 | 5 | 2,916,650 | 3,752,194 | 299,948 | 12.5 | |||
756,000 | 4 | 2,333,320 | 3,168,864 | 281,997 | 11.2 | |||
756,000 | 5 | 2,916,650 | 3,752,194 | 299,601 | 12.5 | |||
378,000 | 4 | 4 | 2,333,320 | 200,034 | 550,094 | 2,883,414 | 357,336 | 8.1 |
378,000 | 5 | 2,916,650 | 3,466,744 | 365,525 | 9.5 | |||
756,000 | 4 | 2,333,320 | 2,883,414 | 360,530 | 8.0 | |||
756,000 | 5 | 2,916,650 | 3,466,744 | 366,695 | 9.5 |
Peak | Half-Peak | Off-Peak | Super Off-Peak |
---|---|---|---|
0.097 | 0.0406 | 0.0115 | 0.0115 |
Scenarios | Peak Consumption | Wind Power | Solar Power | Pump/ Turbine | Storage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario 1 | 4 MW | 4 MW | 0.54 MW | 4 MW | 144 MWh (378,000 m3) |
Scenario 2 | 5 MW | 0.54 MW | 4 MW | 144 MWh (378,000 m3) | |
Scenario 3 | 5 MW | 0.54 MW | 4 MW | 240 MWh (755,685 m3) | |
Scenario 4 | 5 MW | 1.60 MW | 4 MW | 144 MWh (755,685 m3) |
Parameters | Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 3 | Scenario 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Investment Cost (€) | −3,198,412 | −3,781,742 | −3,781,742 | −4,400,072 |
Total annual cost savings and income (€) | 479,762 | 415,992 | 415,992 | 352,006 |
NPV (€) | 4,611,564 | 5,452,627 | 5,452,627 | 6,344,153 |
IRR (%) | 30.63 | 25.51 | 25.51 | 20.24 |
BPP (years) | 6.7 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 12.5 |
Scenario | Cost (M€) | CO2 (Mtonnes) | Water Withdrawal (m3) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.20 | 2.01 | 169,920 |
2 | 3.78 | 2.72 | 165,304 |
3 | 3.78 | 2.76 | 354,304 |
4 | 4.40 | 2.74 | 357,831 |
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Simão, M.; Ramos, H.M. Hybrid Pumped Hydro Storage Energy Solutions towards Wind and PV Integration: Improvement on Flexibility, Reliability and Energy Costs. Water 2020, 12, 2457. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092457
Simão M, Ramos HM. Hybrid Pumped Hydro Storage Energy Solutions towards Wind and PV Integration: Improvement on Flexibility, Reliability and Energy Costs. Water. 2020; 12(9):2457. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092457
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimão, Mariana, and Helena M. Ramos. 2020. "Hybrid Pumped Hydro Storage Energy Solutions towards Wind and PV Integration: Improvement on Flexibility, Reliability and Energy Costs" Water 12, no. 9: 2457. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092457
APA StyleSimão, M., & Ramos, H. M. (2020). Hybrid Pumped Hydro Storage Energy Solutions towards Wind and PV Integration: Improvement on Flexibility, Reliability and Energy Costs. Water, 12(9), 2457. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092457