Pharmaceuticals Load in the Svihov Water Reservoir (Czech Republic) and Impacts on Quality of Treated Drinking Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Work Scope and Objectives
1.2. Current Situation
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Svihov Water Reservoir
2.2. Monitoring Methodology 2017–2018
2.3. Additional Monitoring in 2019
2.4. Laboratory Work Methodology
2.5. Processing of Chemical Analysis Results
3. Results
3.1. Monitoring 2017–2018
3.1.1. Hnevkovice Profile
3.1.2. Dolni Kralovice Profile
3.1.3. Miletin Profile
3.1.4. Kacerov Profile
3.1.5. Raw and Drinking Water Monitoring
3.2. Additional Monitoring Hnevkovice
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion of 2017–2018 Monitoring Results
4.2. Discussion of Addittional 2019 Wastewater Moitoring—Hnevkovice
4.3. Raw Water
4.4. Treated Drinking Water
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analyzed Constituent | Detection Limit (ng/dm3) | Analysis Uncertainty (%) | Use |
---|---|---|---|
17a-ethynilestradiol | 2 | 35 | hormone |
17-alpha-estradiol | 1 | 35 | hormone |
17-beta-estradiol | 1 | 35 | hormone |
Acebutolol | 10 | 35 | beta blocker |
Acesulfame | 50 | 35 | sweetener |
Alfuzosin | 10 | 35 | beta blocker |
Atenolol | 10 | 30 | beta blocker |
Azithromycin | 10 | 35 | antibiotic |
Bezafibrate | 10 | 35 | fibrate |
Bisoprolol | 10 | 35 | beta blocker |
Bisphenol A | 50 | 35 | plastics production |
Bisphenol B | 50 | 35 | plastics production |
Bisphenol S | 50 | 35 | plastics production |
Caffeine | 100 | 45 | stimulant |
Carbamazepine | 10 | 30 | antiepileptic |
Carbamazepine-2-hydr. | 10 | 35 | carbamazepine metabolite |
Carbamazepine-DH | 10 | 40 | carbamazepine metabolite |
Carbamazepine-DHH | 10 | 40 | carbamazepine metabolite |
Carbamazepine-E | 10 | 40 | carbamazepine metabolite |
Celiprolol | 10 | 35 | beta blocker |
Chloramphenicol | 20 | 35 | antibiotic |
Ciprofloxacin | 20 | 35 | antibiotic |
Citalopram | 20 | 35 | antidepressant |
Clarithromycin | 10 | 35 | antibiotic |
Clindamycin | 10 | 35 | antibiotic |
Clofibric acid | 10 | 35 | clofibrate metabolite |
Cotinine | 20 | 35 | stimulant |
Cyclophosphamide | 10 | 35 | cancer chemotherapy |
Diatrizoate | 50 | 35 | contrast medium |
Diclofenac | 20 | 30 | NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory) |
Diclofenac-4-hydroxy | 20 | 40 | diclofenac metabolite |
Diltiazem | 10 | 35 | vasodilator |
Doxycycline | 50 | 35 | antibiotic |
Enrofloxacin | 20 | 35 | antibiotic |
Erythromycin | 10 | 30 | antibiotic |
Estriol | 10 | 35 | hormone |
Estrone | 1 | 35 | hormone |
Fexofenadine | 10 | 35 | antihistaminic |
Fluconazole | 10 | 35 | fungicide |
Fluoxetine | 10 | 35 | antidepressant |
Furosemide | 50 | 35 | diuretic |
Gabapentin | 10 | 35 | sedative |
Gemfibrozil | 10 | 35 | fibrate |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 50 | 35 | diuretic |
Ibuprofen | 20 | 35 | NSAID |
Ibuprofen-2-hydroxy | 30 | 40 | ibuprofen metabolite |
Ibuprofen-carboxy | 20 | 40 | ibuprofen metabolite |
Iohexol | 50 | 35 | contrast medium |
Iomeprol | 50 | 35 | contrast medium |
Iopamidol | 50 | 35 | contrast medium |
Iopromide | 50 | 30 | contrast medium |
Irbesartan | 10 | 35 | treatment of hypertension |
Ivermectin | 50 | 35 | antiparasitic |
Ketoprofen | 10 | 35 | NSAID |
Lamotrigine | 10 | 35 | anticonvulsant drug |
Lovastatin | 10 | 35 | statin drug |
Memantine | 20 | 35 | Alzheimer’s disease medication |
Metoprolol | 10 | 30 | beta blocker |
Mirtazapine | 10 | 35 | antidepressant |
Naproxen | 50 | 30 | NSAID |
Naproxen-O-desmeth. | 20 | 40 | naproxen metabolite |
Norfloxacin | 20 | 35 | antibiotic |
Ofloxacin | 20 | 35 | antibiotic |
Oxcarbazepine | 10 | 40 | anticonvulsant drug |
Oxypurinol | 50 | 35 | treatment of hyperuricemia |
Paracetamol | 10 | 35 | painkiller |
Paraxanthine | 100 | 35 | psychoactive stimulator |
Penicillin G | 10 | 30 | antibiotic |
Phenazone | 10 | 35 | NSAID |
Primidone | 10 | 35 | anticonvulsant drug |
Progesterone | 0.5 | 35 | hormone |
Propranolol | 10 | 35 | beta blocker |
Propyphenazone | 10 | 35 | NSAID |
Ranitidine | 10 | 35 | gastric acidity treatment |
Roxithromycin | 10 | 35 | antibiotic |
Saccharin | 50 | 35 | sweetener |
Sertraline | 10 | 35 | antidepressant |
Simvastatin | 10 | 35 | statin drug |
Sotalol | 10 | 35 | beta blocker |
Sulfamerazine | 10 | 35 | antibiotic |
Sulfamethazine | 10 | 35 | antibiotic |
Sulfamethoxazole | 10 | 30 | antibiotic |
Sulfanilamide | 50 | 35 | antibiotic |
Sulfapyridine | 10 | 35 | antibiotic |
Telmisartan | 20 | 35 | treatment of hypertension |
Testosterone | 0.5 | 35 | hormone |
Tiamulin | 10 | 35 | antibiotic |
Tramadol | 10 | 35 | painkiller |
Triclocarban | 10 | 35 | antimicrobial drug |
Triclosan | 20 | 30 | antimicrobial drug |
Trimethoprim | 10 | 30 | antibiotic |
Valsartan | 10 | 35 | treatment of hypertension |
Venlafaxine | 10 | 35 | antidepressant |
Warfarin | 10 | 30 | blood anticoagulant |
Analyzed Constituent | Detection Limit (ng/dm3) | Analysis Uncertainty (%) | Use |
---|---|---|---|
4-formylaminoantipyrine | 10 | 35 | antibiotic |
Atorvastatin | 10 | 35 | statin drug |
Benzotriazole | 20 | 35 | anticorrosive and deicing products |
Benzotriazole methyl | 20 | 35 | anticorrosive and deicing products |
Bisoprolol | 10 | 35 | beta blocker |
Butylparaben | 10 | 35 | antimicrobial drug |
Climbazole | 10 | 35 | fungicide |
Cyclamate | 100 | 35 | sweetener |
DEET (diethyltoluamide) | 10 | 30 | insect repellent |
Ethylparaben | 10 | 35 | antimicrobial drug |
Metformin | 20 | 40 | diabetes medicine |
Methylparaben | 30 | 35 | fungicide |
Norverapamil | 10 | 35 | verapamil metabolite |
OMC (ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate) | 1000 | 35 | cosmetics (hair spray, sunscreen) |
Propylparaben | 20 | 35 | antimicrobial drug |
Salbutamol | 10 | 35 | asthma treatment |
Sucralose | 1000 | 35 | sweetener |
Valsartan acid | 10 | 35 | valsartan metabolite |
Verapamil | 10 | 35 | treatment of hypertension |
Substance | Number of Samples | Detection Limit (ng/dm3) | Number of Samples below Detection Limit |
---|---|---|---|
Acesulfame | 16 | 50 | 0 |
Diclofenac | 28 | 20 | 2 |
Gabapentin | 28 | 10 | 2 |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 28 | 50 | 0 |
Ibuprofen | 28 | 20 | 2 |
Metoprolol | 28 | 10 | 2 |
Oxypurinol | 16 | 50 | 1 |
Paraxanthine | 26 | 100 | 0 |
Tramadol | 28 | 10 | 1 |
Substance | Min (ng/dm3) | Max (ng/dm3) | Median (ng/dm3) | Average (ng/dm3) | Standard Deviation (ng/dm3) | Coefficient of Variation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acesulfame | 443 | 15,000 | 1250 | 3846 | 4691 | 122 |
Diclofenac | ˂20 | 3400 | 816 | 908 | 651 | 72 |
Gabapentin | ˂10 | 33,000 | 1900 | 7701 | 9532 | 124 |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 388 | 3440 | 1030 | 1291 | 744 | 58 |
Ibuprofen | ˂20 | 1200 | 274 | 413 | 350 | 85 |
Metoprolol | ˂10 | 1350 | 610 | 623 | 298 | 48 |
Oxypurinol | ˂50 | 34,700 | 20,250 | 16,946 | 11,167 | 66 |
Paraxanthine | 306 | 32,000 | 1285 | 3464 | 6930 | 200 |
Tramadol | ˂10 | 1500 | 955 | 912 | 365 | 40 |
Substance | Number of Samples | Detection Limit (ng/dm3) | Number of Samples below Detection Limit |
---|---|---|---|
Acesulfame | 16 | 50 | 0 |
Diclofenac | 28 | 20 | 2 |
Gabapentin | 28 | 10 | 2 |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 28 | 50 | 0 |
Ibuprofen | 28 | 20 | 2 |
Metoprolol | 28 | 10 | 0 |
Oxypurinol | 16 | 50 | 2 |
Paraxanthine | 26 | 100 | 0 |
Tramadol | 28 | 10 | 0 |
Substance | Min (ng/dm3) | Max (ng/dm3) | Median (ng/dm3) | Average (ng/dm3) | Standard Deviation (ng/dm3) | Coefficient of Variation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acesulfame | 695 | 11,800 | 1900 | 3177 | 3164 | 100 |
Diclofenac | ˂20 | 1400 | 360 | 457 | 288 | 63 |
Gabapentin | ˂10 | 3120 | 1045 | 1200 | 740 | 62 |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 370 | 2300 | 1055 | 1135 | 498 | 44 |
Ibuprofen | ˂20 | 2990 | 200 | 315 | 540 | 171 |
Metoprolol | 22 | 429 | 205 | 208 | 106 | 51 |
Oxypurinol | ˂50 | 20,000 | 8205 | 8142 | 6378 | 78 |
Paraxanthine | 163 | 11,400 | 577 | 1816 | 2907 | 160 |
Tramadol | 29 | 540 | 147 | 188 | 129 | 69 |
Substance | Number of Samples | Detection Limit (ng/dm3) | Number of Samples below Detection Limit |
---|---|---|---|
Acesulfame | 16 | 50 | 0 |
Diclofenac | 28 | 20 | 20 |
Gabapentin | 28 | 10 | 2 |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 28 | 50 | 25 |
Ibuprofen | 28 | 20 | 16 |
Metoprolol | 28 | 10 | 17 |
Oxypurinol | 16 | 50 | 2 |
Paraxanthine | 26 | 100 | 1 |
Tramadol | 28 | 10 | 5 |
Substance | Min (ng/dm3) | Max (ng/dm3) | Median (ng/dm3) | Average (ng/dm3) | Standard Deviation (ng/dm3) | Coefficient of Variation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acesulfame | 140 | 631 | 343 | 337 | 131 | 39 |
Diclofenac | ˂20 | 91 | ˂20 | 26 | 14 | 54 |
Gabapentin | ˂10 | 280 | 171 | 157 | 64 | 41 |
Hydrochlorothiazide | ˂50 | 188 | ˂50 | 60 | 33 | 55 |
Ibuprofen | ˂20 | 110 | ˂20 | 30 | 22 | 73 |
Metoprolol | ˂10 | 26 | ˂10 | 12 | 4 | 33 |
Oxypurinol | ˂50 | 1820 | 483 | 597 | 436 | 73 |
Paraxanthine | ˂100 | 1020 | 165 | 264 | 246 | 93 |
Tramadol | ˂10 | 36 | 20 | 19 | 7 | 37 |
Substance | Number of Samples | Detection Limit (ng/dm3) | Number of Samples below Detection Limit |
---|---|---|---|
Acesulfame | 15 | 50 | 0 |
Diclofenac | 26 | 20 | 15 |
Gabapentin | 26 | 10 | 4 |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 26 | 50 | 11 |
Ibuprofen | 26 | 20 | 18 |
Metoprolol | 26 | 10 | 13 |
Oxypurinol | 15 | 50 | 3 |
Paraxanthine | 25 | 100 | 10 |
Tramadol | 26 | 10 | 9 |
Substance | Min (ng/dm3) | Max (ng/dm3) | Median (ng/dm3) | Average (ng/dm3) | Standard Deviation (ng/dm3) | Coefficient of Variation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acesulfame | 110 | 931 | 270 | 356 | 231 | 50 |
Diclofenac | ˂20 | 170 | ˂20 | 35 | 32 | 91 |
Gabapentin | ˂10 | 315 | 29 | 47 | 59 | 125 |
Hydrochlorothiazide | ˂50 | 1380 | 88 | 165 | 258 | 156 |
Ibuprofen | ˂20 | 69 | ˂20 | 25 | 11 | 44 |
Metoprolol | ˂10 | 36 | 11 | 16 | 8 | 50 |
Oxypurinol | ˂50 | 2800 | 205 | 464 | 677 | 146 |
Paraxanthine | ˂100 | 933 | 112 | 204 | 202 | 99 |
Tramadol | ˂10 | 92 | 17 | 29 | 24 | 83 |
Substance | Number of Analyses Total | Number of Analyses above Detection Limit | Detection Limit (ng/dm3) | Maximum Concentration (ng/dm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acesulfame | 16 | 8 | 100 | 318 |
Azithromycin | 28 | 2 | 10 | 274 |
Diclofenac | 28 | 1 | 20 | 58 |
Estrone | 6 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
Gabapentin | 28 | 25 | 10 | 157 |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 28 | 2 | 50 | 99 |
Chloramphenicol | 28 | 1 | 20 | 48 |
Ibuprofen | 28 | 3 | 20 | 56 |
Ibuprofen-2-hydroxy | 28 | 2 | 30 | 91 |
Carbamazepine | 28 | 7 | 10 | 13 |
Carbamazepine-E | 28 | 2 | 10 | 12 |
Lamotrigine | 8 | 5 | 10 | 15 |
Oxypurinol | 16 | 7 | 50 | 868 |
Paraxanthine | 26 | 13 | 100 | 424 |
Progesterone | 6 | 2 | 0.5 | 2 |
Ranitidine | 28 | 2 | 10 | 75 |
Sulfamerazine | 28 | 2 | 10 | 22 |
Telmisartan | 8 | 7 | 20 | 55 |
Tramadol | 28 | 5 | 10 | 13 |
Trimethoprim | 28 | 1 | 10 | 16 |
Substance | Number of analyses Total | Number of Analyses above Detection Limit | Detection Limit (ng/dm3) | Maximum Concentration (ng/dm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acesulfame | 28 | 2 | 50 | 61 |
Azithromycin | 28 | 2 | 10 | 28 |
Estrone | 6 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
Gabapentin | 28 | 1 | 10 | 18 |
Ibuprofen | 28 | 3 | 20 | 52 |
Paraxanthine | 28 | 1 | 100 | 187 |
Ranitidine | 28 | 1 | 10 | 39 |
Sulfamerazine | 28 | 1 | 10 | 24 |
Tramadol | 28 | 1 | 10 | 85 |
Substance | Unit | Detection Limit | W1 | W2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acesulfame | ng/dm3 | 50 | 212 | |
Bisphenol A | ng/dm3 | 50 | 247 | |
Estrone | ng/dm3 | 1 | 3.6 | 2.5 |
Gabapentin | ng/dm3 | 10 | 23.7 |
Profile | Long-Term Average Flow Rate (L/s) | Estimate of Average PPCP Substance Concentration (ng/dm3) | Mass Flow General Value (g/day) |
---|---|---|---|
Bernatice | 0.2 | 11,000 | 1.0 |
Brzotice | 0.8 | 400 | 0.02 |
Dolni Kralovice | 5.0 | 18,000 | 7.8 |
Hnevkovice | 1.7 | 36,000 | 5.3 |
Hulice | 0.5 | 400 | 0.02 |
Kacerov | 80 | 900 | 6.2 |
Kozli | 1.1 | 16,000 | 1.5 |
Miletin | 1300 | 1400 | 157.3 |
Radikovice | 1.3 | 800 | 0.9 |
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Datel, J.V.; Hrabankova, A. Pharmaceuticals Load in the Svihov Water Reservoir (Czech Republic) and Impacts on Quality of Treated Drinking Water. Water 2020, 12, 1387. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051387
Datel JV, Hrabankova A. Pharmaceuticals Load in the Svihov Water Reservoir (Czech Republic) and Impacts on Quality of Treated Drinking Water. Water. 2020; 12(5):1387. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051387
Chicago/Turabian StyleDatel, Josef V., and Anna Hrabankova. 2020. "Pharmaceuticals Load in the Svihov Water Reservoir (Czech Republic) and Impacts on Quality of Treated Drinking Water" Water 12, no. 5: 1387. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051387