Periodic Oscillation of Sediment Transport Influenced by Winter Synoptic Events, Bohai Strait, China
Abstract
:Highlights:
- One typical, intense winter wind event was captured by in situ measurements in the Bohai Strait.
- The patterns of circulations and sediment transports around the Bohai Strait were not always constant in winter, but shown oscillating processes corresponding to the synoptic events.
- A new conceptual model of sediment transport through Bohai Strait in winter was established to reveal the underlying mechanism more clearly.
1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Wind and Wave Conditions
3.2. Hydrological Characteristics during the Observation Period
3.3. Water Level and Current Variation Responding to the Wind
3.4. The Variation of SSC and Transport through BHS
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes in BHS Circulations due to the Synoptic Events
4.2. Changes of SSC in BH and BHS due to Synoptic Events
4.3. Suspended Sediment Transport through BHS by the Winter Wind Event
- The intense northerly wind caused the water piling up to south while the SSH in BH fell significantly, effectively forming a northward pressure gradient. A large quantity of the water escape from BH to YS through BHS. Meanwhile, the relatively high SSH is distributed along the northern coast of the Shandong Peninsula and NSCC is markedly enhanced because of geostrophic balance. Furthermore, intensified waves facilitates the rapid increase of SSC in the shallow water of southern BH, which is then carried out of BH by NSCC. This period is the main transport stage of the sediments from BH (Figure 13a).
- After the wind weakened or shifted, the preceding accumulation of SSH was unleashed, forming a northward compensatory flow. The wind-triggered CTW carried a high-water level propagated northward along the western coast of the Korean peninsula and facilitated the YSWC [41]. During this time, the relatively high SSH in the northern BHS is geostrophically balanced by an inflow from YS to BH. Meanwhile, SSC decreased due to the weak wave and a small part of sediment is brought back to BH (Figure 13b).
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The distribution of SSH in BH and YS was sensitive to the synoptic events. The regional variation of SSH would significantly modulate the winter circulation structures around the BHS. According to the wind conditions, circulation processes around the BHS could be classified in two situations: one is dominated by outflow during intense northerly wind, the other is dominated by inflow after wind relaxation or reversal.
- (2)
- Similarly, the wave condition in BH and YS was also sensitive to the synoptic events. The different wave conditions had significant impact on the variation of SSC mainly in shallow waters around southern BH and northern coast of Shandong Peninsula. During the intense northerly wind, SSC sharply increased in these regions. In BHS, resuspension of sediment in the south was controlled by the combination of current and wave, while it was only controlled by the current in the north.
- (3)
- The volume and sediment transport processes through the BHS were not always constant in winter, but shown an oscillating pattern corresponding to the synoptic events. According to the different wind conditions, the sediment transport through BHS in winter were divided into two periods, each with its pattern. One was the main sediment transport period with enhanced NSCC and SSC by the intense northerly wind, the other was the recovery period with enhanced YSWC and lower SSC when the wind was relaxed or shifted. The established conceptual model of water and sediment transport help us understand the underlying mechanism more clearly. This is necessary for the accurate quantitative study of transport processes in the BHS and provide valuable reference for the study of other similar straits in the world.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stations | Observation Method | Instruments | Measurement Period | Sampling Interval | Depth (m) | Sampling Levels / Vertical Bin Size (m) | Blind Zone (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T01 | Anchor station | Water samples | 6 January 9:00 to 7 January 10:00 | 1 h | 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 depth | 3/- | - |
Tripod | CTD | 6 January 9:00 to 13 January 12:00 | 1 min | 30 | 1/- | - | |
ADCP | 6 January 9:00 to 13 January 12:00 | 20 min, 1 h | 30 | 34/0.75 (velocity), 1/- (wave) | 1.55 | ||
ADV | 6 January 9:00 to 13 January 12:00 | 10 min | 30 | 1/- | |||
Subsurface mooring | TU | 1 January 9:00 to 13 January 12:00 | 1 min | 15 | 1/- | - | |
CTD | 1 January 9:00 to 13 January 12:00 | 1 min | 15 | 1/- | - | ||
T02 | Anchor station | Water samples | 6 January 9:00 to 7 January 10:00 | 1 h | 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 depth | 3/- | - |
Bottom mount | CTD | 1 January 9:00 to 13 January 11:00 | 1 min | 50 | 1/- | - | |
ADCP | 1 January 9:00 to 13 January 11:00 | 20 min, 1 h | 50 | 64/0.75 (velocity), 1/- (wave) | 1.55 | ||
Subsurface mooring | TUs | 1 January 9:00 to 13 January 11:00 | 1 min | 22, 44 | 2/- | - | |
CTDs | 1 January 9:00 to 13 January 11:00 | 1 min | 22, 44 | 2/- | - |
Stations (+/-: Out/in) | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T01 | Water (×105 m3/m) | −1.28 | 11.3 | −1.64 | 8.38 |
Suspended sediment (tons/m) | −1.27 | 13.75 | −0.78 | 11.7 | |
T02 | Water (×105 m3/m) | −2.14 | 3.71 | −3.92 | −2.35 |
Suspended sediment (tons/m) | −1.80 | 1.44 | −0.55 | −0.91 |
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Duan, H.; Xu, J.; Wu, X.; Wang, H.; Liu, Z.; Wang, C. Periodic Oscillation of Sediment Transport Influenced by Winter Synoptic Events, Bohai Strait, China. Water 2020, 12, 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12040986
Duan H, Xu J, Wu X, Wang H, Liu Z, Wang C. Periodic Oscillation of Sediment Transport Influenced by Winter Synoptic Events, Bohai Strait, China. Water. 2020; 12(4):986. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12040986
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuan, Haiqin, Jingping Xu, Xiao Wu, Houjie Wang, Zhiqiang Liu, and Chenghao Wang. 2020. "Periodic Oscillation of Sediment Transport Influenced by Winter Synoptic Events, Bohai Strait, China" Water 12, no. 4: 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12040986
APA StyleDuan, H., Xu, J., Wu, X., Wang, H., Liu, Z., & Wang, C. (2020). Periodic Oscillation of Sediment Transport Influenced by Winter Synoptic Events, Bohai Strait, China. Water, 12(4), 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12040986