Isoscape of δ18O in Precipitation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Assessment and Improvement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Isotope Observation Data
2.2. Global Precipitation Isoscape
2.3. Meteorological and Elevation Data
2.4. Fuzzy Clustering
2.5. Assessment Method
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Assessment of Previous Global Products in the QTP
3.2. Isoscape Established Using a Regionalized Clustering
3.2.1. Climate Clustering
3.2.2. Establishing the Isoscape
3.2.3. Comparison with the OIPC and RCWIP
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station | Longitude (°E) | Latitude (°N) | Altitude (m) | P (mm) 1 | T (℃) 1 | Water Vapor Regime 2 | Sub-Region 3 | n4 | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tuole | 98.42 | 38.80 | 3367 | 473 | −5.35 | the westerly domain | Qaidam | 7 | [27] |
Yeniugou | 99.63 | 38.70 | 3320 | 434 | −0.55 | the westerly domain | Qaidam | 9 | [28] |
Haibei | 101.31 | 37.56 | 3280 | 592 | −0.89 | the westerly domain | Qaidam | 12 | [29] |
Delhi | 97.37 | 37.37 | 2981 | 223 | −0.29 | the westerly domain | Qaidam | 12 | [16] |
Gangca | 100.22 | 37.29 | 3260 | 411 | −0.31 | the westerly domain | Qaidam | 6 | [30] |
Tianzhu | 102.85 | 37.25 | 2700 | 439 | 3.37 | the westerly domain | Qaidam | 10 | [31] |
Golmud | 95.09 | 36.35 | 2889 | 63 | 3.01 | the westerly domain | Qaidam | 3 | [32] |
Muztag | 75.02 | 38.28 | 4430 | 150 | −0.84 | the westerly domain | Kunlun-Ngari-North Tibet | 5 | [28] |
Tizinafu | 75.20 | 37.83 | 3058 | 96 | 0.10 | the westerly domain | Kunlun-Ngari-North Tibet | 4 | [33] |
Taxkorgen | 75.27 | 37.77 | 3100 | 96 | 0.10 | the westerly domain | Kunlun-Ngari-North Tibet | 12 | [16] |
Xihexiu | 76.68 | 36.98 | 2960 | 119 | −2.90 | the westerly domain | Kunlun-Ngari-North Tibet | 10 | [17] |
Shiquanhe | 80.08 | 32.50 | 4278 | 169 | −2.18 | the transition domain | Kunlun-Ngari-North Tibet | 10 | [16] |
Gaize | 84.07 | 32.30 | 4430 | 133 | −1.81 | the transition domain | Kunlun-Ngari-North Tibet | 12 | [16] |
Xainza | 88.70 | 30.90 | 4770 | 330 | −1.25 | the transition domain | Kunlun-Ngari-North Tibet | 12 | [19] |
Madoi | 98.26 | 34.92 | 4300 | 370 | −3.69 | the transition domain | Eastern Qinghai-Tibet | 11 | [34] |
Beiluhe | 92.94 | 34.83 | 4642 | 315 | −4.81 | the transition domain | Eastern Qinghai-Tibet | 10 | [35] |
Tuotuohe | 92.43 | 34.22 | 4533 | 323 | −4.51 | the transition domain | Eastern Qinghai-Tibet | 12 | [16] |
Yushu | 97.02 | 33.02 | 3682 | 656 | −2.48 | the transition domain | Eastern Qinghai-Tibet | 12 | [16] |
Cona | 91.40 | 32.07 | 4623 | 453 | −2.06 | the transition domain | Eastern Qinghai-Tibet | 9 | [36] |
Lhasa | 91.13 | 29.70 | 3649 | 426 | 1.62 | the monsoon domain | South Tibet | 12 | [16] |
Nagqu | 92.07 | 31.48 | 4508 | 514 | −1.95 | the monsoon domain | South Tibet | 12 | [16] |
Baidi | 90.43 | 29.12 | 4430 | 358 | 0.25 | the monsoon domain | South Tibet | 11 | [16] |
Larzi | 87.68 | 29.08 | 4000 | 336 | 0.69 | the monsoon domain | South Tibet | 4 | [16] |
Wengguo | 90.35 | 28.90 | 4500 | 361 | −0.43 | the monsoon domain | South Tibet | 7 | [16] |
Dingri | 87.12 | 28.65 | 4330 | 302 | −0.26 | the monsoon domain | South Tibet | 8 | [16] |
Dui | 90.53 | 28.58 | 5030 | 389 | −0.30 | the monsoon domain | South Tibet | 10 | [16] |
Nyalam | 85.97 | 28.18 | 3810 | 396 | −1.70 | the monsoon domain | South Tibet | 12 | [16] |
Zhangmu | 85.98 | 27.98 | 2239 | 407 | −1.64 | the monsoon domain | South Tibet | 4 | [16] |
Yangcun | 91.88 | 29.88 | 3500 | 522 | 0.14 | the monsoon domain | Western Sichuan-Southeast Tibet | 8 | [16] |
Bomi | 95.77 | 29.87 | 2737 | 553 | 3.12 | the monsoon domain | Western Sichuan-Southeast Tibet | 11 | [16] |
Lulang | 94.73 | 29.77 | 3327 | 611 | 4.41 | the monsoon domain | Western Sichuan-Southeast Tibet | 11 | [16] |
Nuxia | 94.57 | 29.47 | 2780 | 599 | 7.18 | the monsoon domain | Western Sichuan-Southeast Tibet | 8 | [16] |
CMA | CRU | WC | |
---|---|---|---|
Spatial Resolution | 30′ × 30′ | 10′ × 10′ | 10′ × 10′ |
Period | 1981–2010 | 1961–1990 | 1970–2000 |
Variable 1 | P, T | P, T | P, T, V |
Reference | [37] | [38] | [39] |
URL | http://data.cma.cn/ | https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg/ | http://worldclim.org |
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Shi, Y.; Wang, S.; Zhang, M.; Argiriou, A.A.; Guo, R.; Song, Y.; Zhu, X. Isoscape of δ18O in Precipitation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Assessment and Improvement. Water 2020, 12, 3392. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123392
Shi Y, Wang S, Zhang M, Argiriou AA, Guo R, Song Y, Zhu X. Isoscape of δ18O in Precipitation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Assessment and Improvement. Water. 2020; 12(12):3392. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123392
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Yudong, Shengjie Wang, Mingjun Zhang, Athanassios A. Argiriou, Rong Guo, Yang Song, and Xiaofan Zhu. 2020. "Isoscape of δ18O in Precipitation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Assessment and Improvement" Water 12, no. 12: 3392. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123392