Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with an Aerated, Direct-Push, Oxidant Delivery System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Treatability Studies, Oxidant Manufacturing and Field-Scale Installation and Sampling Procedures
2.2. Generalized Plot Plan and Technology Components
2.3. Oxidant Delivery System
2.4. Visualizing Oxidant Dispersal from Aerated Oxidant Candles
2.5. Field Testing of Aerated, Direct-Push, Oxidant Candles
2.6. ISCO with Liquid Oxidant versus Aerated Oxidant Candle
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Visualizing Oxidant Dispersal from Aerated Oxidant Candles
3.2. Field Testing of Aerated, Direct-Push, Oxidant Candles
3.3. Freeman Site
3.4. ISCO with the Liquid Oxidant versus Aerated Oxidant Candle
3.5. Textron Site
3.6. Hoover Site
4. Conclusions
5. Patents
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site Characteristics | Freeman | Textron | Hoover |
---|---|---|---|
Treatment type | Source Zone | Source Zone | Permeable Reactive Barrier |
Depth to Groundwater (m) | 2.0 | 4.1 | 4.4 |
Screened Interval of Oxidant Drive Points (m) | 1.5–6.1 | 1.5–6.1 | 1.5–6.4 |
Screened Interval of Monitoring wells (m) | 1.2–4.3 | 1.5–6.1 | 3.4–6.4 |
Texture | Layers of Clay and Fine to Coarse Sand | Layers of Clay, Sandy Clay, and Medium to Fine Sand | Lean Clay with various amounts of Fine Sands |
Seepage Velocity (cm/day) | 16.5 | 26.5 | 0.21 |
Contaminant(s) of Concern | BTEX | BTEX | 1,4-dioxane, TCE, BTEX |
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Initial Range 1 | 0.76–1.64 | 0.34–3.30 | 0.32–1.80 |
ORP (mV) Initial Range | −248.6 to −207.1 | −118.9 to 48.0 | −167.4 to −48.5 |
pH Initial Range | 6.45–6.78 | 6.15–6.98 | 6.47–7.06 |
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Reece, J.; Christenson, M.; Kambhu, A.; Li, Y.; Harris, C.E.; Comfort, S. Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with an Aerated, Direct-Push, Oxidant Delivery System. Water 2020, 12, 3383. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123383
Reece J, Christenson M, Kambhu A, Li Y, Harris CE, Comfort S. Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with an Aerated, Direct-Push, Oxidant Delivery System. Water. 2020; 12(12):3383. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123383
Chicago/Turabian StyleReece, James, Mark Christenson, Ann Kambhu, Yusong Li, Clifford E. Harris, and Steve Comfort. 2020. "Remediating Contaminated Groundwater with an Aerated, Direct-Push, Oxidant Delivery System" Water 12, no. 12: 3383. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123383