Short-Term Impact of Tillage on Soil and the Hydrological Response within a Fig (Ficus Carica) Orchard in Croatia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area, Climate, and Soil Properties
2.2. Experimental Design, Treatments, Sampling, and Rainfall Simulations
2.3. Laboratory Analyses
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Rainfall Patterns
3.2. Topsoil Properties
3.3. Overland Flow Properties
3.4. Principal Component Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Factors | Eigenvalues of Correlation Matrix and Related Statistics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalue | % Total | Cumulative | Cumulative | |
1 | 6.870559 | 49.07542 | 6.87056 | 49.0754 |
2 | 2.301528 | 16.43948 | 9.17209 | 65.5149 |
3 | 1.509930 | 10.78521 | 10.68202 | 76.3001 |
4 | 1.216229 | 8.68735 | 11.89825 | 84.9875 |
5 | 0.921799 | 6.58428 | 12.82004 | 91.5717 |
6 | 0.373413 | 2.66723 | 13.19346 | 94.2390 |
7 | 0.331562 | 2.36830 | 13.52502 | 96.6073 |
8 | 0.210259 | 1.50185 | 13.73528 | 98.1091 |
9 | 0.150673 | 1.07624 | 13.88595 | 99.1854 |
10 | 0.059838 | 0.42742 | 13.94579 | 99.6128 |
11 | 0.034298 | 0.24498 | 13.98009 | 99.8578 |
12 | 0.012329 | 0.08806 | 13.99242 | 99.9458 |
13 | 0.007493 | 0.05352 | 13.99991 | 99.9994 |
14 | 0.000091 | 0.00065 | 14.00000 | 100.0000 |
Variable | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
BD (g cm−3) | −0.635970 | −0.106389 | −0.671890 | 0.289905 |
WHC (%) | 0.645557 | −0.438237 | 0.297301 | 0.179958 |
SWC (%) | −0.673038 | 0.265434 | −0.624049 | −0.025846 |
MWD (mm) | −0.784366 | 0.275267 | −0.033961 | 0.425271 |
WSA (%) | 0.457684 | 0.181181 | 0.000951 | 0.669754 |
SOM (%) | 0.759445 | −0.310617 | −0.178819 | 0.323267 |
P2O5 (mg kg-1) | 0.577460 | −0.398762 | −0.358618 | 0.272733 |
PT (sec) | 0.736282 | −0.552068 | 0.038546 | 0.017696 |
RT (sec) | 0.618064 | −0.496640 | −0.414612 | −0.148541 |
WR (m3 ha−1) | −0.764620 | −0.216738 | 0.422021 | 0.351363 |
SC (g kg-1) | −0.658483 | −0.618021 | −0.128423 | −0.232881 |
SL (kg ha−1) | −0.832526 | −0.527928 | 0.056611 | −0.050388 |
C loss (kg ha−1) | −0.826036 | −0.538793 | 0.069739 | −0.051622 |
P loss (g ha−1) | −0.737336 | −0.338006 | 0.207075 | 0.292488 |
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Properties | Texture (%) | pH | CaCO3 (%) | SOM (%) | Exchangeable Cations (cmol kg−1) | CEC (cmol kg−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | Silt | Clay | Ca | Mg | K | Na | |||||
Value | 11.6 | 77.2 | 11.2 | 7.52 | 83.45 | 2.68 | 18.91 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 20.16 |
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Telak, L.J.; Pereira, P.; Ferreira, C.S.S.; Filipovic, V.; Filipovic, L.; Bogunovic, I. Short-Term Impact of Tillage on Soil and the Hydrological Response within a Fig (Ficus Carica) Orchard in Croatia. Water 2020, 12, 3295. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113295
Telak LJ, Pereira P, Ferreira CSS, Filipovic V, Filipovic L, Bogunovic I. Short-Term Impact of Tillage on Soil and the Hydrological Response within a Fig (Ficus Carica) Orchard in Croatia. Water. 2020; 12(11):3295. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113295
Chicago/Turabian StyleTelak, Leon Josip, Paulo Pereira, Carla S. S. Ferreira, Vilim Filipovic, Lana Filipovic, and Igor Bogunovic. 2020. "Short-Term Impact of Tillage on Soil and the Hydrological Response within a Fig (Ficus Carica) Orchard in Croatia" Water 12, no. 11: 3295. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113295