The Use of Algae and Fungi for Removal of Pharmaceuticals by Bioremediation and Biosorption Processes: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bioremediation
2.1. Mycoremediation
2.1.1. Treatment Systems
2.1.2. Mechanisms of Removal
2.1.3. Factors That Influence the Degradation Capability
2.1.4. Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges for Mycoremediation
2.2. Phycoremediation
2.2.1. Treatment Systems
2.2.2. Mechanisms of Removal
2.2.3. Factors That Influence the Degradation Capability
2.2.4. Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges
3. Biosorption
3.1. Biosorption Materials
3.2. Treatment Systems
3.3. Mechanisms of Removal
3.4. Factors That Affect the Process
3.5. Biosorption Potential as a Wastewater Treatment Technology
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | Compounds Source | Strains | Removal Mechanisms | Technologies | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ibuprofen, clofibric acid, and carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor Irpex lacteus Ganoderma lucidum Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Biodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [46] |
Carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays Pilot-scale glass air-pulsed fluidized bioreactor (continuous and batch feed) | [47] |
Citalopram, fluoxetine, sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, carbamazepine, and diazepam | Synthetic media | Fungi Bjerkandera sp. R1 Bjerkandera adusta Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [48] |
Carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Biodegradation Biosorption | Pilot-scale plate bioreactor (continuous and batch feed) | [49] |
Naproxen, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, salicylic acid, ketoprofen, codeine, erythromycin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacine, azithromycin, cefalexine, propranolol, carbamazepine, 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine, 2-hydroxycarbamazepine, acridone, and citalopram | Urban wastewater | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation | Pilot-scale air-fluidized bioreactor (batch feed) | [50] |
Carbamazepine, ibuprofen, clofibric acid, ketoprofen, metronidazole, triclosan, 17-α-ethinylestradiol, 17-β-estradiol-17-acetate, estrone, estriol, 17-β-estradiol, gemfibrozil, amitriptyline, primidone, salicylic acid, diclofenac, naproxen | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays Pilot-scale fungus-augmented membrane bioreactor (continuous feed) | [51] |
Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, salicylic acid, codeine, phenazone, dexamethasone, diclofenac, piroxicam | Hospital wastewater | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation | Pilot-scale glass air pulsed fluidized bioreactor (batch feed) | [52] |
X-ray contrast agent iopromide and antibiotic ofloxacin | Hospital wastewater | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays Pilot-scale glass air-pulsed fluidized bioreactor (batch feed) | [53] |
Metronidazole, salicylic acid, primidone, amitriptyline, carbamazepine, ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, diclofenac, triclosan, estriol, estrone, 17-α-ethinylestradiol, 17-β-estradiol, 17-β-estradiol-17-acetate | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [54] |
Cefalexin, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, trimethoprim, tetracycline, ketoprofen, acridone, carbamazepine, a carbamazepine metabolite, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and its hydroxilated metabolite, β-blocker carazolol, diazepam, naproxen, cephalexin, tetracyclin, sertraline, paroxetine, gemfibrozil, amlodipine, furosemide, dimetridazole, azythromycin, ronidazole, olanzapine, piroxicam, β-blockers metoprolol | Veterinary hospital wastewater | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation | Pilot-scale glass air-pulsed fluidized bioreactor (continuous and batch feed) | [55] |
Acetaminophen, carbamazepine, diclofenac, metoprolol, naproxean, ranitidine, and sulfamethoxazole | Synthetic media | Fungi Aspergillus niger Algae Chlorella vulgaris | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [56] |
Estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinyl-estradiol, and estriol | WWTP wastewater | Fungi Trametes versicolor Myceliophthora thermophila | Biodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [57] |
17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays Pilot-scale glass air-fluidized bioreactor (continuous feed) | [58] |
Sulfapyridine, sulfapyridine, and sulfamethazine | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays Pilot-scale air-pulsed fluidized-bed bioreactor (continuous feed) | [59] |
Naproxen and carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [60] |
Sodium diclofenac | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [61] |
Ketoprofen | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [62] |
Diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, carbamazepine, and diazepam | Synthetic media | Fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Biodegradation Adsorption | Pilot-scale stirred tank reactor and fixed-bed reactor (continuous feed) | [64] |
Tetracycline and oxytetracycline | Synthetic media | Fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [65] |
Phenolic compounds | Pharmaceutical industry wastewater | Pycnoporus sanguineus | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [66] |
Diclofenac, ketoprofen and atenolol | Hospital wastewater | Fungi Pleurotus ostreatus | Biodegradation Adsorption | Pilot-scale air-pulsed fluidized-bed bioreactor (continuous and batch feed) Laboratory-scale batch assays | [67] |
17α-ethinylestradiol and carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Fungi Pleurotus sp. P1 Pleurotus ostreatus BS (unidentified) basidiomycete strain BNI | Biodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [68] |
Acetaminophen | Synthetic media | Fungi Mucor hiemalis | Bioconcentration | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [69] |
Carbamazepine and clarithromycin | Synthetic media | Fungi Trichoderma harzianumPleurotus ostreatus | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [70] |
Carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Fungi Pleurotus ostreatus | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [71] |
Clofibric acid, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, fenoprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, indomethacin, propyphenazone, and carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [72] |
Levofloxacin | Synthetic media | Algae Chlorella vulgaris | Biodegradation Bioaccumulation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [133] |
Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, carbamazepine, diclofenac, and triclosan | WWTP wastewater | Algae Lessonia nigrescens Bory Macrocystis integrifolia Bory | Biodegradation Photodegradation Biosorption | Pilot-scale high-rate algal ponds | [148] |
Tetracycline | Synthetic media | Algae Chlorella vulgaris | Photodegradation Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays Pilot-scale high rate algal ponds (batch feed) | [164] |
Carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (and crustacean Thamnocephalus and cnidarian Hydra attenuata) | Bioaccumulation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [166] |
Progesterone and norgestrel | Synthetic media | Algae Scenedesmus obliquus Chlorella pyrenoidosa | Biodegradation Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [168] |
Carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Algae Chlamydomonas mexicana Scenedesmus obliquus | Biodegradation Adsorption Bioaccumulation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [169] |
17α-Ethynylestradiol | Synthetic media | Algae Desmodesmus subspicatus | Biotransformation Bioconcentration | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [170] |
Analgesic and antiinflammatories, lipid regulators and antihypertensive, psychiatric drugs and stimulant, antibiotics, and others | WWTP wastewater | Algae Coelastrum sp. | Biodegradation | Pilot-scale photobiotreatment microalgae and multi-barrier treatment | [176] |
Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, salicylic acid, ketoprofen, codeine, azithromycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, atenolol, lorazepam, alprazolam, paroxetine, hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, and diltiazem | Domestic wastewater | Algae Undefined microalgae | Biodegradation | Pilot-scale tubular photobioreactor | [177] |
Alfuzosin, alprazolam, atenolol, atracurium, azelastine, biperiden, bisoprolol, bupropion, carbamazepin, cilazapril, ciprofloxacin, citalopram, clarithromycine, clemastine, clindamycine, clonazepam, clotrimazol, codeine, cyproheptadine, desloratidin, dicycloverin, diltiazem, diphenhydramin, eprosartan, fexofenadine, flecainide, fluconazole, flupetixol, haloperidol, hydroxyzine, ibersartan, loperamide, memantin, metoprolol, miconazole, mirtazapine, nefazodon, orphenadrin, pizotifen, ranitidine, risperidone, roxithromycine, sertraline, sotalol, sulfamethoxazol, terbutalin, tramadol, trihexyphenidyl, trimetoprim, venlavafaxin, and verapamil | WWTP wastewater | Algae Green algal species (Tetradesmus dimorphus and Dictyosphaerium, between them) | Biodegradation | Real-scale photobioreactor | [178] |
Estradiol, estrone, estriol and hydroxyestrone) and synthetic steroid estrogens (estradiol valerate, estradiol, and ethinylestradiol | Synthetic media | Algae Chlorella vulgaris | Biotransformation Bioconcentration | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [179] |
17α-ethinylestradiol, estrone, and 17β-estradiol | Synthetic media | Algae Anabaena cylindrical Chlorococcus Spirulina platensis Chlorella Scenedesmus quadricauda Anaebena (and duckweed Lemna) | Biodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays Pilot-scale plug flow reactor (continuous feed) | [180] |
Triclosan | Synthetic media | Algae Chlorella Pyrenoidosa | Biodegradation Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [182] |
Cefradinegree | Synthetic media | Algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa | Biodegradation | Pilot-scale batch-sequencing reactor algae process (batch feed) | [183] |
Ethinylestradiol | Synthetic media | Algae Ankistrodesmus braunii Chlorella ellipsoidea Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chlorella vulgaris Scenedesmus communis Scenedesmus obliquus Scenedesmus quadricauda Scenedesmus vacuolatus Selenastrum capricornutum | Biotransformation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [184] |
17α-boldenone, 17β-boldenone, 4-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-17-dione, androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, climbazole, clofibric acid, diclofenac, enrofloxacin, erythromycin–H2O, estrone, fluconazole, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, lincomycin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, paracetamol, progesterone, roxithromycin, salicylic acid, salinomycin, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfameter, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxzole, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfapyridine, testosterone, triclosan, trimethoprim, and tylosin | WWTP wastewater | Algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Scenedesmus obliquus Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chlorella vulgaris | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [185] |
Salicylic acid and paracetamol | Synthetic media | Algae Chlorella sorokiniana | Biodegradation | Pilot-scale reactor (batch and semicontinuous feed) | [186] |
Paracetamol, salicylic acid, and diclofenac | Synthetic media | Algae Chlorella sorokiniana Chlorella vulgaris Scenedesmus obliquus | Biodegradation | Pilot-scale bubbling column photobioreactor (batch and semicontinuous feed) | [187] |
Tributyltin | Synthetic media | Algae Chlorella miniata C. sorokiniana Scenedesmus dimorphus S. platydiscus | Biodegradation Adsorption Absorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [188] |
Trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan | Synthetic media | Algae Nannochloris Sp. | Biodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [189] |
Diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol, metoprolol, carbamazepine and trimethoprim, estrone, 17β-estradiol, and ethinylestradiol | Synthetic media | Algae Chlorella sorokiniana | Biodegradation Photolysis Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [190] |
Oxytetracycline, doxycycline, chlortetracycline, and tetracycline | Synthetic media | Algae Haematoloccus pluvialis Chlorella sp. Selenastrum capricornutum Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [191] |
Salicylic acid or paracetamol | Pharmaceutical industry wastewater | Algae Chlorella sorokiniana | Biodegradation | Pilot-scale bubbling column photobioreactor (batch and semicontinuous feed) | [193] |
Ciprofloxacin | Synthetic media | Algae Chlamydomonas mexicana | Biodegradation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [194] |
β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol | WWTP anaerobic sludge | Algae Selenastrum capricornutum Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Biodegradation Photodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [195] |
Compounds | Compounds Source | Strains | Removal Mechanisms | Technologies | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ibuprofen, clofibric acid, and carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor Irpex lacteus Ganoderma lucidum Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Biodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [46] |
Carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays Pilot-scale glass air-pulsed fluidized bioreactor (continuous and batch feed) | [47] |
Carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Biodegradation Biosorption | Pilot-scale plate bioreactor (continuous and batch feed) | [49] |
Carbamazepine, ibuprofen, clofibric acid, ketoprofen, metronidazole, triclosan, 17-α-ethinylestradiol, 17-β-estradiol-17-acetate, estrone, estriol, 17-β-estradiol, gemfibrozil, amitriptyline, primidone, salicylic acid, diclofenac, naproxen | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays Pilot-scale fungus-augmented membrane bioreactor (continuous feed) | [51] |
Metronidazole, salicylic acid, primidone, amitriptyline, carbamazepine, ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, diclofenac, triclosan, estriol, estrone, 17-α-ethinylestradiol, 17-β-estradiol, 17-β-estradiol-17-acetate | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [54] |
Estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and estriol | WWTP wastewater | Fungi Trametes versicolor Myceliophthora thermophila | Biodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [57] |
Sulfapyridine, sulfapyridine, and sulfamethazine | Synthetic media | Fungi Trametes versicolor | Biodegradation and biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays Pilot-scale air-pulsed fluidized bed bioreactor (continuous feed) | [59] |
Diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, carbamazepine, and diazepam | Synthetic media | Fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Biodegradation Biosorption | Pilot-scale continuous stirred tank reactor and fixed-bed reactor | [64] |
Diclofenac, ketoprofen, and atenolol | Hospital wastewater | Fungi Pleurotus ostreatus | Biodegradation Adsorption | Pilot-scale air-pulsed fluidized-bed bioreactor (continuous and batch feed) Laboratory-scale batch assays | [67] |
17α-ethinylestradiol and carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Fungi Pleurotus sp. P1 Pleurotus ostreatus BS (unidentified) basidiomycete strain BNI | Biodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [68] |
Tetracycline | Synthetic media | Algae Chlorella vulgaris | Photodegradation Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays Pilot-scale high-rate algal ponds (batch feed) | [164] |
Progesterone and norgestrel | Synthetic media | Algae Scenedesmus obliquus Chlorella pyrenoidosa | Biodegradation Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [168] |
Carbamazepine | Synthetic media | Algae Chlamydomonas Mexicana Scenedesmus obliquus | Biodegradation Adsorption Bioaccumulation | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [169] |
Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, carbamazepine, diclofenac, and triclosan | WWTP wastewater | Algae Lessonia nigrescens Bory Macrocystis integrifolia Bory | Biodegradation Photodegradation Biosorption | Pilot-scale high-rate algal ponds | [175] |
17α-ethinylestradiol, estrone, and 17β-estradiol | Synthetic media | Algae Anabaena cylindrical Chlorococcus Spirulina platensis, Chlorella Scenedesmus quadricauda Anaebena (and duckweed Lemna) | Biodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays Pilot-scale plug flow reactor (continuous feed) | [180] |
Triclosan | Synthetic media | Algae Chlorella Pyrenoidosa | Biodegradation Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [182] |
Tributyltin | Synthetic media | Algae Chlorella miniata Chlorella sorokiniana Scenedesmus dimorphus Scenedesmus platydiscus | Biodegradation Adsorption Absorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [188] |
Trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan | Synthetic media | Algae Nannochloris Sp. | Biodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [189] |
Diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol, metoprolol, carbamazepine and trimethoprim, estrone, 17β-estradiol, and ethinylestradiol | Synthetic media | Algae Chlorella sorokiniana | Biodegradation Photolysis Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [190] |
β-estradiol and 17α-ethynylestradiol | WWTP anaerobic sludge | Algae Selenastrum capricornutum Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Biodegradation Photodegradation Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [194] |
Sulfamethoxazole and sulfacetamide | Synthetic media | Algae Lessonia nigrescens Bory Macrocystis integrifolia Bory | Adsorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [211] |
Penicillin G | Synthetic media | Fungi Rhizopus arrhizus | Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [211] |
Chloramphenicol, acetyl salicylic acid, clofibric acid | Synthetic media | Algae Pterocladia capillacea Ulva lactuca | Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays | [225] |
Paracetamol | Synthetic media | Algae Alga Synechocystis sp. | Biosorption | Laboratory-scale batch assays Pilot-scale continuous bubbling column photobioreactor (continuous feed) | [226] |
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Silva, A.; Delerue-Matos, C.; Figueiredo, S.A.; Freitas, O.M. The Use of Algae and Fungi for Removal of Pharmaceuticals by Bioremediation and Biosorption Processes: A Review. Water 2019, 11, 1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081555
Silva A, Delerue-Matos C, Figueiredo SA, Freitas OM. The Use of Algae and Fungi for Removal of Pharmaceuticals by Bioremediation and Biosorption Processes: A Review. Water. 2019; 11(8):1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081555
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Andreia, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Sónia A. Figueiredo, and Olga M. Freitas. 2019. "The Use of Algae and Fungi for Removal of Pharmaceuticals by Bioremediation and Biosorption Processes: A Review" Water 11, no. 8: 1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081555