The Elusive Quest for Valuation of Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Services
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Scope of Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Services and Economic Valuation
2.1. Ecosystem Services in the Economic Valuation Framework
2.2. The Economic Valuation Process
3. Towards a Comprehensive Valuation of Coastal Ecosystem Services
3.1. Valuing the Biosphere’s Services
3.2. Limitations of the Global Valuation Approach
3.3. Current Status of Coastal and Marine Ecosystem (CME) Valuation
4. Valuation in Coastal and Marine Policy
4.1. Potential Uses of Valuation in the Policy Process
4.2. The European Union
4.3. The United States
4.4. Australia
4.5. The Caribbean
5. Summary and Discussion
5.1. Summary
5.2. Alternative Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Coastal Ecosystem | Ecosystem Services | ||
---|---|---|---|
Provisioning and Cultural | Regulating | Supporting | |
Coral Reefs | Recreation and tourism, fish and shellfish harvesting, raw materials, education and aesthetics | Storm protection, nutrient cycling | Biological diversity, ecological connectivity, habitat for fish and shellfish, nursery and protective habitat |
Seagrass beds and salt marshes | Fish and shellfish harvesting, raw materials, wildlife harvesting, education and aesthetics | Storm protection, erosion control, water purification, oxygen cycling, nutrient cycling, carbon storage and sequestration | Biological diversity, ecological connectivity, nursery and protective habitat for fish, shellfish and wildlife |
Mangroves | Fish and shellfish harvesting, raw materials, education and aesthetics | Storm protection, nutrient cycling and erosion control, water purification, oxygen cycling, carbon storage and sequestration | Biological diversity, ecological connectivity, nursery and protective habitat for fish, shellfish and wildlife |
Oyster reefs | Shellfish harvesting, raw materials, education and aesthetics | Storm protection, erosion control, water purification, nutrient cycling, carbon storage and sequestration | Biological diversity, ecological connectivity, nursery and protective habitat for fish and shellfish |
Beach, dune and shore | Recreation and tourism, education and aesthetics | Storm protection, erosion control | Biological diversity, ecological connectivity, nursery and protective habitat for shellfish and wildlife |
Bays and estuaries | Recreation and tourism, fish and shellfish harvesting, raw materials, wildlife harvesting, education and aesthetics | Storm protection, erosion control, water purification, oxygen cycling, carbon storage and sequestration, nutrient cycling | Biological diversity, ecological connectivity, nursery and protective habitat for fish, shellfish and wildlife (see [4] p. 187) |
Local | Scale | Global |
Biome | Total Mean (Median) Value $/ha/Year | Provisioning | Cultural | Regulating | Supporting |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coral reefs | $352,249 ($197,900) | 15.8% (47) | 30.9% (53) | 48.9% (24) | 4.6% (13) |
Coastal wetlands | $193,845 ($12,163) | 1.6% (80) | 1.1% (20) | 88.5% (30) | 8.9% (12) |
Other Coastal systems | $28,917 ($26,760) | 8.3% (23) | 1.0% (10) | 89.4% (5) | 1.3% (7) |
Open Ocean | $491 ($135) | 20.8% (7) | 65.0% (5) | 13.2% (1) | 1.0% (3) |
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Milon, J.W.; Alvarez, S. The Elusive Quest for Valuation of Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Services. Water 2019, 11, 1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071518
Milon JW, Alvarez S. The Elusive Quest for Valuation of Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Services. Water. 2019; 11(7):1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071518
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilon, J. Walter, and Sergio Alvarez. 2019. "The Elusive Quest for Valuation of Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Services" Water 11, no. 7: 1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071518
APA StyleMilon, J. W., & Alvarez, S. (2019). The Elusive Quest for Valuation of Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Services. Water, 11(7), 1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071518