Monitoring Groundwater Storage Depletion Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Data in Bakhtegan Catchment, Iran
Nizar Abou Zaki 1,*, Ali Torabi Haghighi 1
, Pekka M. Rossi 1, Mohammad J. Tourian 2 and Bjørn Kløve 1
, Pekka M. Rossi 1, Mohammad J. Tourian 2 and Bjørn Kløve 1
1
Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
2
Institute of Geodesy, Universität Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 7, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2019, 11(7), 1456; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071456
Received: 19 June 2019 / Revised: 9 July 2019 / Accepted: 12 July 2019 / Published: 14 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Water Resources Management and Governance)
Abstract
The Bakhtegan catchment, an important agricultural region in south-western Iran, has suffered groundwater depletion in recent years. As groundwater is considered the main source of fresh water in the catchment, especially for agriculture, monitoring groundwater responses to irrigation is important. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data can help determine water mass changes in catchments and assess water volume changes. In this study, we compared GRACE-derived water mass data against groundwater volume variations measured in situ. We also assessed the efficiency of GRACE-derived data in catchments smaller than the 200,000 km2 recommended area when using GRACE. For the study period (January 2002 through December 2011), the GRACE data showed a 7.6 mm annual decline in groundwater level, with a total volume loss of 2.6 km3 during the period. The in situ monthly measurements of groundwater level showed an average depletion of 10 m in catchment aquifers during the study period. This depletion rate was supported by the recorded decrease in precipitation volume, especially in the post-drought period after 2007. These results demonstrate that GRACE can be useful tool for monitoring groundwater depletion in arid catchments. View Full-TextKeywords:
remote sensing; groundwater depletion; water management; irrigation; agriculture
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Abou Zaki, N.; Torabi Haghighi, A.; M. Rossi, P.; J. Tourian, M.; Kløve, B. Monitoring Groundwater Storage Depletion Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Data in Bakhtegan Catchment, Iran. Water 2019, 11, 1456.
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