Estuarine Macrofauna Affects Benthic Biogeochemistry in a Hypertrophic Lagoon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Intact Core Collection and Benthic Flux Measurement
2.2. Denitrification Measurement with Isotope Pairing Technique
2.3. Laboratory Analysis
2.4. Multivariate Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bottom Water and Sediment Features at the Sampling Sites
3.2. Benthic Macrofauna
3.3. Benthic Metabolism and Respiration
3.4. Benthic Nutrient Fluxes
3.5. Macrofauna Community, Functional Traits and Benthic Ecosystem Functioning
4. Discussion
4.1. Physico-Chemical Zonation and Macrofauna Composition
4.2. Macrofauna Affect Benthic Metabolim and N-Cyling across Sites
4.3. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PARAMETERS | SITE 1 | SITE 2 | SITE 3 | SITE 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Water column | ||||
Temperature (°C) | 21 | 21 | 19 | 19 |
Salinity (PSU) | 5 | 12 | 12 | 7 |
TCO2 (mmol L−1) | 5.2 ± 0.01 | 3.3 ± 0.01 | 2.6 ± 0.01 | 2.6 ± 0.01 |
NH4+ (µmol L−1) | 7.1 ± 0.12 | 32.1 ± 0.17 | 31.9 ± 0.17 | 19.1 ± 0.69 |
NOx− (µmol L−1) | 114.7 ± 4.45 | 40.8 ± 1.67 | 56.5 ± 2.02 | 52.3 ± 3.93 |
SRP (µmol L−1) | 2.2 ± 0.02 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 1.1 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.01 |
Sediment | ||||
Type | Clayish mud | Detrital mud | Muddy sand | Fine sand |
Porosity | 0.85 ± 0.02 | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.50 ± 0.03 |
Density (g cm−3) | 1.16 ± 0.01 | 1.12 ± 0.02 | 1.83 ± 0.02 | 1.78 ± 0.02 |
Corg (%) | 4.02 ± 0.27 | 7.48 ± 0.26 | 1.29 ± 0.14 | 1.42 ± 0.14 |
TN (%) | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.85 ± 0.05 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
C:N (mass) | 11.8 | 8.8 | – | – |
Predictors and Covariables | Df | Sum of All Canonical Eigenvalues (%) |
---|---|---|
(Species effect ∪ Site effect) = [A+B+C] | 9 | 74 |
Species | Site effect = [A] (Site effect as covariable) | 6 | 19 |
Site effect | species = [C] (Species as covariable) | 3 | 8 |
Species effect ∩ Site effect = [(Species effect ∪ Site effect) – (Species effect | Site effect) − (Site effect | Species effect)] = [B] | 0 | 74 – (19) – (8) = 47 |
Residuals = [Total inertia – (Species effect ∪ Site effect)] | 0 | 100 – 74 = 26 |
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Politi, T.; Zilius, M.; Castaldelli, G.; Bartoli, M.; Daunys, D. Estuarine Macrofauna Affects Benthic Biogeochemistry in a Hypertrophic Lagoon. Water 2019, 11, 1186. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11061186
Politi T, Zilius M, Castaldelli G, Bartoli M, Daunys D. Estuarine Macrofauna Affects Benthic Biogeochemistry in a Hypertrophic Lagoon. Water. 2019; 11(6):1186. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11061186
Chicago/Turabian StylePoliti, Tobia, Mindaugas Zilius, Giuseppe Castaldelli, Marco Bartoli, and Darius Daunys. 2019. "Estuarine Macrofauna Affects Benthic Biogeochemistry in a Hypertrophic Lagoon" Water 11, no. 6: 1186. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11061186