Forensic Hydrology Reveals Why Groundwater Tables in The Province of Noord Brabant (The Netherlands) Dropped More Than Expected
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. General Approach
2.2. Changes in Land Use and Crop Yield
2.3. Estimating Changes in Annual Groundwater Recharge
2.3.1. Groundwater Recharge of Urban Area
2.3.2. Groundwater Recharge of Nature
2.3.3. Groundwater Recharge of Arable Land
2.4. Modelling the Effect on Groundwater Tables
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Annual Groundwater Recharge
3.2. Changes in Groundwater Tables
3.3. Effect of Land-Use and Crop Yield on Simulated Effects of Groundwater Abstraction
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations of Our Study
4.2. Comparison with Previous Work
4.3. General Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Area (ha) | Division (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arable | Urban | Forest & Nature | Other | ||||||
1950 | 2010 | 1950 | 2010 | 1950 | 2010 | 1950 | 2010 | ||
1 | 31,299 | 80 | 70 | 2 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 14 | 15 |
2 | 22,213 | 74 | 62 | 6 | 17 | 15 | 14 | 6 | 7 |
3 | 12,191 | 56 | 51 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 30 | 32 |
4 | 37,900 | 74 | 61 | 9 | 25 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 6 |
5 | 58,087 | 74 | 75 | 4 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 1 |
6 | 73,774 | 65 | 55 | 6 | 19 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 11 |
7 | 85,178 | 68 | 50 | 9 | 26 | 23 | 21 | 0 | 3 |
8 | 119,630 | 74 | 59 | 4 | 15 | 21 | 20 | 0 | 6 |
9 | 64,935 | 68 | 67 | 3 | 8 | 26 | 25 | 3 | 0 |
Total | 505,208 | 71 | 61 | 5 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 6 | 6 |
Division (%) | ||
---|---|---|
1950 | 2010 | |
Cereal | 33 | 11 |
Potato | 7 | 8 |
Beet | 7 | 4 |
Corn | 1 | 27 |
Grass | 51 | 49 |
Cereal | Potato | Sugar Beet | Fodder Beat | Corn | Grass | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | 1950 | 2010 | 1950 | 2010 | 1950 | 2010 | 1950 | 2010 | 1950 | 2010 | 1950 | 2010 |
1 | 3.4 | 9.1 | 24.0 | 49.0 | 42.3 | 81.7 | 57.0 | - | 9.0 | 17.1 | 9.0 | 11.5 |
2 | 2.8 | 9.4 | 23.0 | 50.6 | 39.2 | 82.0 | 54.8 | - | 9.0 | 18.1 | 9.0 | 11.5 |
3 | 3.2 | 9.3 | 23.1 | 50.7 | 41.4 | 79.0 | 55.8 | - | 9.0 | 17.3 | 9.0 | 11.5 |
4 | 2.5 | 8.2 | 21.5 | 50.3 | 35.8 | 81.3 | 53.6 | - | 9.0 | 16.7 | 9.0 | 11.5 |
5 | 2.4 | 6.4 | 22.0 | 52.2 | 32.9 | 74.5 | 53.0 | - | 9.0 | 17.1 | 9.0 | 11.5 |
6 | 2.4 | 8.5 | 21.4 | 46.7 | 34.0 | 74.6 | 49.6 | - | 9.0 | 16.5 | 9.0 | 11.5 |
7 | 2.5 | 6.1 | 22.2 | 49.5 | 30.2 | 74.9 | 52.1 | - | 9.0 | 16.2 | 9.0 | 11.5 |
8 | 2.2 | 6.3 | 1.9 | 53.9 | 29.9 | 73.5 | 50.9 | - | 9.0 | 15.9 | 9.0 | 11.5 |
9 | 1.8 | 7.2 | 22.3 | 50.4 | 29.7 | 73.4 | 50.2 | - | 9.0 | 15.8 | 9.0 | 11.5 |
Average | 2.4 | 7.8 | 22.4 | 50.4 | 38.7 | 76.9 | 51.6 | - | 9.0 | 16.3 | 9.0 | 11.5 |
CDM | CT | (Es + Ei) | |
---|---|---|---|
(kg Dry Matter/kg Product) | (kg H2O/kg Dry Matter) | (mm·y−1) | |
Cereal | 1.67 | 300 | 117 |
Corn | 1.00 | 210 | 127 |
Beet | 0.23 | 230 | 115 |
Potato | 0.25 | 290 | 115 |
Grass | 1.00 | 370 | 133 |
R (mm·y−1) | Decline in R | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1950 | 2010 | mm·y−1 | % | |
Urban area | 226 | 226 | 0 | 0 |
Nature | 238 | 202 | 36 | 15 |
Cereal | 594 | 321 | 273 | 46 |
Corn | 515 | 361 | 154 | 30 |
Beet | 511 | 309 | 202 | 40 |
Potato | 554 | 350 | 203 | 37 |
Grassland | 365 | 272 | 93 | 25 |
Arable | 521 | 364 | 157 | 30 |
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Witte, J.-P.M.; Zaadnoordijk, W.J.; Buyse, J.J. Forensic Hydrology Reveals Why Groundwater Tables in The Province of Noord Brabant (The Netherlands) Dropped More Than Expected. Water 2019, 11, 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030478
Witte J-PM, Zaadnoordijk WJ, Buyse JJ. Forensic Hydrology Reveals Why Groundwater Tables in The Province of Noord Brabant (The Netherlands) Dropped More Than Expected. Water. 2019; 11(3):478. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030478
Chicago/Turabian StyleWitte, Jan-Philip M., Willem Jan Zaadnoordijk, and Jan Jaap Buyse. 2019. "Forensic Hydrology Reveals Why Groundwater Tables in The Province of Noord Brabant (The Netherlands) Dropped More Than Expected" Water 11, no. 3: 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030478
APA StyleWitte, J. -P. M., Zaadnoordijk, W. J., & Buyse, J. J. (2019). Forensic Hydrology Reveals Why Groundwater Tables in The Province of Noord Brabant (The Netherlands) Dropped More Than Expected. Water, 11(3), 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030478