Composition and Dynamics of Phytoplankton in the Coastal Bays of Maryland, USA, Revealed by Microscopic Counts and Diagnostic Pigments Analyses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location and Environmental Parameters
Sample Collection
2.2. Sample Analyses
2.2.1. Nutrient Analysis
2.2.2. HPLC Pigment Analysis
2.2.3. Phytoplankton Microscopic Identification
2.2.4. Freshwater Flow
2.2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. The Physical Environment
The Chemical Environment
3.2. Phytoplankton Species Composition
3.3. Seasonal Composition and Variation of Major Phytoplankton Taxonomic Groups Based on Photosynthetic Pigments and Microscopic Counts
3.4. Spatial Variations in the Abundance of Major Taxa and Dominant Species in the MCBs
3.5. Relationships between Phytoplankton Assemblage based on Microscopic Counts and Physico-Chemical Variables
4. Discussion
4.1. Phytoplankton Taxa Composition and Variation
4.2. Seasonal Patterns of Succession of Major Phytoplankton Taxa
4.3. Spatial Variation of Phytoplankton Abundance
4.4. Dominance of Diatoms and Phosphorus Limitation
5. Conclusions
- Diatoms were the most abundant taxonomic group and showed strong correlations with its diagnostic pigment, fucoxanthin. There were also significant contributions from the nanophytoplankton especially in summer when they dominated the community, attributed largely to changes in nutrient composition and concentrations.
- Similar to other nutrient enriched estuaries along the US east coast, the MCBs displayed a distinct seasonal composition and variability in phytoplankton. Diatoms dominated the winter community while the relative abundance of the MPF and cercozoans increased, with diatoms and cryptophytes/cercozoans co-dominating in fall.
- Spatial variations in phytoplankton abundance and composition were likely due to environmental factors like watershed characteristics, nutrient levels and salinity. Sites receiving freshwater inputs directly from tributaries displayed high phytoplankton biomass.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pigment | Abr. | Marker for | Size (µM) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Peridinin | Peri | Dinoflagellates | >20 |
2 | Fucoxanthin | Fuco | Diatoms | >20 |
3 | 19’-Butanoyloxy-Fucoxanthin | But-fuco | Pelagophytes | 2–20 |
4 | Neoxanthin | Neo | Chlorophytes | 2–20 |
5 | Prasinoxanthin | Pras | Prasinophytes | 2–20 |
6 | Violaxanthin | Viola | Chlorophytes | 2–20 |
7 | 19’-Hexanoyloxy-fucoxanthin | Hex-fuco | Prymnesiophytes | 2–20 |
8 | Alloxanthin | Allo | Cryptophytes | 2–20 |
9 | Lutein | Lut | Chlorophytes | 2–20 |
10 | Zeaxanthin | Zea | Cyanobacteria | <2 |
11 | Chlorophyll b | Chl b | Chlorophytes | <2 |
12 | Chlorophyll a | Chl a | NS |
DOC (µM) | TDN (µM) | TDP (µM) | Silica (µM) | TDN/TDP | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |
1 | 317.59 | 21.65 | 26.12 | 2.26 | 1.45 | 0.10 | 20.70 | 5.24 | 18.01 |
2 | 321.25 | 21.61 | 35.99 | 4.92 | 1.80 | 0.21 | 33.46 | 5.11 | 19.99 |
3 | 332.8 | 30.18 | 29.19 | 3.70 | 1.54 | 0.13 | 18.59 | 5.43 | 18.95 |
4 | 339.11 | 28.14 | 31.61 | 3.37 | 1.85 | 0.44 | 23.70 | 4.94 | 17.09 |
5 | 327.85 | 24.23 | 37.53 | 7.74 | 1.57 | 0.15 | 20.83 | 3.36 | 23.90 |
6 | 513.67 | 51.91 | 42.98 | 5.17 | 1.53 | 0.15 | 21.77 | 4.6 | 28.09 |
7 | 250.45 | 31.62 | 28.65 | 5.34 | 1.45 | 0.12 | 20.65 | 4.98 | 19.76 |
8 | 287.4 | 86.05 | 36.6 | 11.59 | 1.46 | 0.13 | 11.12 | 2.69 | 25.07 |
9 | 344.01 | 77.17 | 48.8 | 13.16 | 1.54 | 0.13 | 19.70 | 5.94 | 31.69 |
10 | 462.01 | 113.19 | 53.94 | 19.48 | 1.56 | 0.10 | 21.11 | 5.79 | 34.58 |
11 | 431.03 | 129.13 | 49.94 | 15.81 | 1.50 | 0.15 | 18.92 | 4.48 | 33.29 |
12 | 468.87 | 86.92 | 49.42 | 10.77 | 1.42 | 0.14 | 18.27 | 4.16 | 34.80 |
13 | 502.14 | 104.73 | 53.49 | 14.31 | 1.63 | 0.10 | 17.27 | 4.15 | 32.82 |
Kingdom Chromista | Species | Kingdom Chromista | Species |
---|---|---|---|
Phylum Bacillariophyta | *Achnanthes sp. Bory | Phylum Bacillariophyta | *Hemiaulus sp. Ehrenberg |
*Actinoptychus sp. C.G. Ehrenberg | *Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve | ||
*Amphiprora sp. Ehrenberg | Leptocylindrus minimus Gran | ||
*Asterionella glacialis Castracane | *Licmophora sp. C.A. Agardh | ||
*Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen | Melosira moniliformis (O.F.Müller) C. Agardh | ||
*Biddulphia mobiliensis (J.W.Bailey) Grunow | Melosira nummuloides C.A. Agardh | ||
*Cerataulina bergonii Ostenfeld | Melosira sp. C.A. Agardh | ||
*Chaetoceros debilis Cleve | *Minutocellus polymorphus (Hargraves & Guillard) | ||
Chaetoceros eibenii Grunow | *Navicula sp. J.B.M. Bory de Saint-Vincent | ||
Chaetoceros neogracilis S.L.VanLand. | Nitzschia pungens Grunow ex Cleve | ||
Chaetoceros sp. C.G. Ehrenberg | Nitzschia sp. A.H. Hassall | ||
Chaetoceros subtilis Cleve | *Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) C.Agardh | ||
*Cocconeis sp. C.G. Ehrenberg | Odontella mobilensis (Bailey) Grunow | ||
*Corethron criophilum Castracane | *Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve | ||
Corethron sp. Castracane | *Pleurosigma sp. W. Smith | ||
*Coscinodiscus sp. C.G. Ehrenberg | Pseudonitzschia sp. H. Peragallo | ||
Cyclotella sp. (F.T. Kützing) A. de Brébisson | *Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundström | ||
Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann & | Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell | ||
*Cymbella sp. C.A. Agardh | Rhizosolenia stolterfothii H.Peragallo | ||
Dactyliosolen fragilissimus (Bergon) Hasle | Rhizosolenia styliformis T.Brightwell | ||
Dactyliosolen sp. A.F. Castracane | Rhizosolenia hebetata F. Semipina (Hensen) Gran | ||
*Ditylum brightwellii (T.West) Grunow | *Schroederella delicatula (H.Peragallo) Pavillard | ||
*Eucampia zodiacus Ehrenberg | Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve | ||
*Flagilaria sp. Lyngbye | *Striatella sp. | ||
*Guinardia flaccida (Castracane) H.Peragallo | *Tabellaria sp. Kutzing | ||
Guinardia delicatula (Cleve) Hasle | *Thalassionema sp. | ||
Gyrosigma sp. A.H. Hassall | Thalassiosira sp. Cleve | ||
Phylum Miozoa | Alexandrium sp. Halim | Phylum Chlorophyta (Kingdom Plantae) | *Ankistrodesmus sp. Corda |
*Amphidinium crassum Lohmann | *Pediastrum duplex Meyen | ||
Amphidinium sphenoides Wulff | *Chlorella sp. M.Beijerinck | ||
*Tripos furca (Ehrenberg) F.Gómez | Pyramimonas sp. Schmarda | ||
Ceratium sp. Shrank | Unid. Chlorophycean sphere | ||
Ceratium tripos (O.F.Müller) Nitzsch | *Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turpin) Brébisson | ||
Dinophysis acuminata Claparède & Lachmann | Scenedesmus sp. Meyen | ||
Dinophysis sp. Ehrenberg | Phylum Cryptophyta (Kingdom Chromista) | Cryptomonas sp. Ehrenberg | |
Diplopsalis sp. Bergh | Phylum Haptophyta (Kingdom Chromista) | Chrysochromulina sp. Lackey | |
*Gonyaulax sp. Diesing | Phylum Cercozoa (Kingdom Chromista) | Paulinella ovalis (A.Wulff) P.W. Johnson, P.E. Hargraves & J.M. Sieburth | |
Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède & Lachmann) Diesing | Phylum Euglenozoa (Kingdom Protozoa) | Euglena sp. Ehrenberg | |
Akashiwo sanguinea (K.Hirasaka) G. Hansen & O. Moestrup | Eutreptia sp. Perty | ||
*Gyrodinium lachryma Meunier | Phylum Ochrophyta (Kingdom Chromista) | *Apedinella radians (Lohmann) P.H.Campbell Chattonella sp. B.Biecheler Ochromonas sp. Vysotskii | |
Gyrodinium sp. Kofoid & Swezy | |||
Gymnodinium sp. Stein | |||
Heterocapsa triquetra (Ehrenberg) Stein | |||
Heterocapsa rotundata (Lohmann) G. Hansen | |||
Karlodinium veneficum (D. Ballantine) J.Larsen | |||
Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg | |||
Prorocentrum cordatum (Ostenfeld) J.D. Dodge | |||
Prorocentrum sp. Ehrenberg | |||
Prorocentrum triestinum J.Schiller | |||
*Protoperidinium brevipes Paulsen | |||
Protoperidinium depressum Bailey | |||
Protoperidinium sp. Bergh | |||
*Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich III |
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Oseji, O.F.; Fan, C.; Chigbu, P. Composition and Dynamics of Phytoplankton in the Coastal Bays of Maryland, USA, Revealed by Microscopic Counts and Diagnostic Pigments Analyses. Water 2019, 11, 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020368
Oseji OF, Fan C, Chigbu P. Composition and Dynamics of Phytoplankton in the Coastal Bays of Maryland, USA, Revealed by Microscopic Counts and Diagnostic Pigments Analyses. Water. 2019; 11(2):368. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020368
Chicago/Turabian StyleOseji, Ozuem F., Chunlei Fan, and Paulinus Chigbu. 2019. "Composition and Dynamics of Phytoplankton in the Coastal Bays of Maryland, USA, Revealed by Microscopic Counts and Diagnostic Pigments Analyses" Water 11, no. 2: 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020368