Long-Term Deceleration of Glaciers in the Eastern Nyainqentanglha Mountains, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, Revealed from Landsat Images
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
3. Methods
3.1. Preprocessing of Images
3.2. Extracting Velocity Fields from Each Image Pair
3.3. Spatiotemporal Median Filtering and Uncertainty Assessment
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Uncertainty Assessment
5.2. Comparison with Previous Studies
5.3. Possible Reasons for Glacier Deceleration
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Glacier ID | Mean Velocity (m/y) | Percent of Common Estimates (%) | Rates of Deceleration (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1988–1990 | 2000–2002 | 2014–2016 | 2000–2002 and 1988–1990 | 2014–2016 and 2000–2002 | 2014–2016 and 1988–1990 | 2000–2002– 1988–1990 | 2014–2016– 2000–2002 | 2014–2016– 1988–1990 | |
1 | 17.51 | 8.69 | 7.94 | 93.33 | 93.33 | 100.00 | 47.79 | 15.31 | 54.62 |
2 | 27.01 | 19.00 | 17.66 | 92.16 | 96.08 | 92.16 | 29.74 | 8.20 | 36.41 |
3 | 57.98 | 20.51 | 31.93 | 25.00 | 27.27 | 90.91 | 57.89 | 24.33 | 50.60 |
4 | 57.45 | 46.35 | 37.44 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 19.31 | 19.22 | 34.82 |
5 | 26.91 | 20.34 | 19.07 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 24.43 | 6.23 | 29.14 |
6 | 31.45 | 16.16 | 7.42 | 97.22 | 97.22 | 100.00 | 49.64 | 52.78 | 76.40 |
7 | 22.53 | 18.69 | 17.10 | 68.75 | 75.00 | 68.75 | 20.21 | 31.39 | 48.53 |
8 | 143.03 | 103.65 | 162.51 | 8.99 | - | - | 11.96 | - | - |
9 | 49.03 | 33.93 | 24.85 | 85.47 | 89.74 | 95.73 | 27.63 | 28.40 | 47.20 |
10 | 28.03 | 21.79 | 20.24 | 77.70 | 60.43 | 65.47 | 31.12 | 14.83 | 41.31 |
11 | 18.94 | 19.90 | 18.80 | 13.56 | 15.25 | 10.17 | 45.06 | 60.90 | 71.42 |
12 | 37.34 | 29.12 | 28.77 | 18.18 | 25.45 | 12.73 | 30.55 | 58.90 | 77.46 |
13 | 48.82 | 40.34 | 28.58 | 66.09 | 77.39 | 74.78 | 23.15 | 27.26 | 46.82 |
14 | 45.33 | 39.78 | 31.37 | 69.88 | 67.47 | 85.54 | 16.89 | 23.25 | 35.80 |
15 | 30.19 | 26.10 | 12.79 | 96.23 | 88.68 | 92.45 | 17.91 | 48.84 | 58.21 |
16 | 61.09 | 61.51 | 50.48 | 78.26 | 78.26 | 88.70 | 11.93 | 8.61 | 21.34 |
17 | 121.38 | 77.81 | 41.83 | 82.04 | 83.83 | 83.23 | 37.21 | 44.82 | 65.73 |
18 | 60.09 | 41.99 | 22.23 | 53.33 | 52.00 | 86.67 | 31.12 | 53.91 | 67.11 |
19 | 45.76 | 41.22 | 26.51 | 80.00 | 85.00 | 87.00 | 11.70 | 35.54 | 44.56 |
20 | 28.68 | 19.38 | 12.38 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 32.43 | 36.11 | 56.83 |
21 | 56.44 | 40.68 | 20.48 | 76.71 | 84.93 | 87.67 | 25.85 | 52.83 | 64.85 |
22 | 231.51 | 225.51 | 179.51 | 49.18 | 51.05 | 51.52 | 2.21 | 8.88 | 10.78 |
23 | 32.49 | 30.37 | 25.21 | 86.50 | 81.60 | 78.53 | 7.86 | 18.09 | 26.25 |
24 | 46.97 | 35.63 | 45.02 | 62.34 | 64.02 | 69.46 | 18.51 | 24.06 | 34.71 |
25 | 29.39 | 27.59 | 17.73 | 95.65 | 95.65 | 100.00 | 4.08 | 38.60 | 39.66 |
26 | 35.47 | 29.24 | 20.24 | 89.80 | 89.80 | 100.00 | 18.23 | 29.32 | 42.94 |
Average | - | - | - | - | - | - | 25.17 | 30.83 | 47.34 |
Periods | Components | Path 135 Row 39 | Path 136 Row 39 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p0 | p1 | R2 | p0 | p1 | R2 | ||
1988–1990 | x | −0.61 | 0.87 | 0.96 | −0.61 | 0.87 | 0.96 |
y | −0.61 | 0.86 | 0.96 | −0.61 | 0.86 | 0.96 | |
2000–2002 | x | −0.65 | 0.95 | 0.95 | −0.65 | 0.95 | 0.95 |
y | −0.54 | 0.75 | 0.94 | −0.54 | 0.75 | 0.94 | |
2014–2016 | x | −0.56 | 0.83 | 0.94 | −0.56 | 0.83 | 0.94 |
y | −0.55 | 0.81 | 0.94 | −0.55 | 0.81 | 0.94 |
Periods | Path 135 Row 39 | Path 136 Row 39 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Stable Areas (m/y) | On Glaciers (m/y) | Stable Areas (m/y) | On Glaciers (m/y) | |
1988–1990 | 2.6 | 5.1 | 2.3 | 5.3 |
2000–2002 | 2.8 | 5.7 | 3.2 | 6.1 |
2014–2016 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 3.8 |
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Fu, X.; Zhou, J. Long-Term Deceleration of Glaciers in the Eastern Nyainqentanglha Mountains, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, Revealed from Landsat Images. Water 2019, 11, 2387. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112387
Fu X, Zhou J. Long-Term Deceleration of Glaciers in the Eastern Nyainqentanglha Mountains, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, Revealed from Landsat Images. Water. 2019; 11(11):2387. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112387
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Xiyou, and Jianmin Zhou. 2019. "Long-Term Deceleration of Glaciers in the Eastern Nyainqentanglha Mountains, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, Revealed from Landsat Images" Water 11, no. 11: 2387. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112387