Impact of Human Activities and Natural Processes on the Seasonal Variability of River Water Quality in Two Watersheds in Lampung, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Water Sampling and Analyses
2.3. Survey of Local Fertilizer Application
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Uncertainties and Shortcomings of the Study
3. Results
3.1. Water Sampling
3.2. Fertilizer Application
4. Discussions
4.1. Fertilizer and Land Use Effects on Water Quality Characteristics
4.2. Additional Factors Controlling Stream Water Quality
4.3. Trends in Seasonal Water Quality Characteristics
4.4. Water Quality Status and Recommendations to Improve Water Quality
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | River | Mean ± SD | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Al (mg/L) 1 | Sangharus | 0.43 ± 0.48 | 0.052 |
Sekampung Hulu | 0.93 ± 0.52 | ||
Ca (mg/L) 1 | Sangharus | 5.91 ± 1.48 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 2.16 ± 0.71 | ||
Cl (mg/L) 1 | Sangharus | 1.12 ± 0.05 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 0.91 ± 0.08 | ||
DO (mg/L) 2 | Sangharus | 5.84 ± 0.47 | 0.965 |
Sekampung Hulu | 6.08 ± 0.97 | ||
EC (mS/cm) 1 | Sangharus | 43.44 ± 24.75 | 0.078 |
Sekampung Hulu | 26.12 ± 9.90 | ||
Fe (mg/L) 1 | Sangharus | 0.27 ± 0.22 | 0.015 * |
Sekampung Hulu | 0.53 ± 0.19 | ||
K (mg/L) 1 | Sangharus | 1.96 ± 0.34 | 0.001 ** |
Sekampung Hulu | 1.36 ± 0.29 | ||
Mg (mg/L) 1 | Sangharus | 2.16 ± 0.63 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 0.65 ± 0.24 | ||
Na (mg/L) 1 | Sangharus | 6.63 ± 1.55 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 3.40 ± 0.46 | ||
NO3 (mg/L) 1 | Sangharus | 1.08 ± 0.25 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 0.58 ± 0.21 | ||
pH 1 | Sangharus | 7.99 ± 0.98 | 0.368 |
Sekampung Hulu | 7.60 ± 0.82 | ||
PO4 (mg/L) 2 | Sangharus | 0.18 ± 0.11 | 0.003 ** |
Sekampung Hulu | 0.04 ± 0.05 | ||
Si (mg/L) 1 | Sangharus | 26.71 ± 4.83 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 15.21 ± 2.15 | ||
SO4 (mg/L) 2 | Sangharus | 4.72 ± 1.46 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 1.14 ± 0.33 | ||
Water temperature (°C) 2 | Sangharus | 28.13 ± 1.99 | 0.965 |
Sekampung Hulu | 28.23 ± 1.79 |
Parameters | River | Mean ± SD in Rainy Season | Concentration in Dry Season | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Al (mg/L) | Sangharus | 0.45 ± 0.51 | 0.25 | 0.311 |
Sekampung Hulu | 0.93 ± 0.56 | 0.87 | 0.761 | |
Ca (mg/L) | Sangharus | 5.53 ± 1.04 | 8.89 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 2.01 ± 0.59 | 3.35 | 0.000 *** | |
Cl (mg/L) | Sangharus | 1.11 ± 0.03 | 1.25 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 0.89 ± 0.06 | 1.06 | 0.000 *** | |
DO (mg/L) | Sangharus | 5.73 ± 0.36 | 6.73 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 5.93 ± 0.91 | 7.29 | 0.004 ** | |
EC (mS/cm) | Sangharus | 47.30 ± 23.39 | 12.60 | 0.004 ** |
Sekampung Hulu | 28.74 ± 6.46 | 5.20 | 0.000 *** | |
Fe (mg/L) | Sangharus | 0.27 ± 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.614 |
Sekampung Hulu | 0.52 ± 0.21 | 0.60 | 0.336 | |
K (mg/L) | Sangharus | 1.87 ± 0.22 | 2.70 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 1.28 ± 0.22 | 1.87 | 0.000 *** | |
Mg (mg/L) | Sangharus | 1.99 ± 0.41 | 3.48 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 0.59 ± 0.18 | 1.10 | 0.000 *** | |
Na (mg/L) | Sangharus | 6.26 ± 1.14 | 9.62 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 3.30 ± 0.36 | 4.22 | 0.000 *** | |
NO3 (mg/L) | Sangharus | 1.14 ± 0.17 | 0.58 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 0.64 ± 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.001 ** | |
pH | Sangharus | 8.19 ± 0.82 | 6.37 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 7.80 ± 0.60 | 6.01 | 0.000 *** | |
PO4 (mg/L) | Sangharus | 0.15 ± 0.07 | 0.42 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.000 *** | |
Si (mg/L) | Sangharus | 25.50 ± 3.41 | 36.40 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 14.65 ± 1.44 | 19.70 | 0.000 *** | |
SO4 (mg/L) | Sangharus | 4.35 ± 1.02 | 7.66 | 0.000 *** |
Sekampung Hulu | 1.16 ± 0.34 | 0.97 | 0.156 | |
Water Temperature (°C) | Sangharus | 28.38 ± 1.98 | 26.20 | 0.017 * |
Sekampung Hulu | 28.35 ± 1.88 | 27.31 | 0.162 |
Fertilizer | Fertilizer Use by Number of Respondents | |
---|---|---|
Sangharus Watershed | Sekampung Hulu Watershed | |
Urea | 63 | 62 |
Phonska | 44 | 54 |
Mutiara | 7 | 8 |
TSP | 1 | 3 |
SP-36 | 0 | 5 |
ZA | 0 | 2 |
KCl | 0 | 1 |
Fertilizer | Watershed | Application Rate Mean ± SD (kg/ha) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Urea | Sangharus | 166.8 ± 131.8 | 0.002 * |
Sekampung Hulu | 120.3 ± 122.1 | ||
Mutiara | Sangharus | 94.7 ± 140.9 | 0.908 |
Sekampung Hulu | 48.9 ± 38.5 | ||
Phonska | Sangharus | 122.1 ± 80.9 | 0.21 |
Sekampung Hulu | 109.3 ± 82.6 |
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Dewi Yustika, R.; Somura, H.; Budi Yuwono, S.; Masunaga, T. Impact of Human Activities and Natural Processes on the Seasonal Variability of River Water Quality in Two Watersheds in Lampung, Indonesia. Water 2019, 11, 2363. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112363
Dewi Yustika R, Somura H, Budi Yuwono S, Masunaga T. Impact of Human Activities and Natural Processes on the Seasonal Variability of River Water Quality in Two Watersheds in Lampung, Indonesia. Water. 2019; 11(11):2363. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112363
Chicago/Turabian StyleDewi Yustika, Rahmah, Hiroaki Somura, Slamet Budi Yuwono, and Tsugiyuki Masunaga. 2019. "Impact of Human Activities and Natural Processes on the Seasonal Variability of River Water Quality in Two Watersheds in Lampung, Indonesia" Water 11, no. 11: 2363. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112363