Tintinnid Ciliate Communities in Pre- and Post-Winter Conditions in the Southern Adriatic Sea (NE Mediterranean)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Hydrography, Dissolved Oxygen and Chlorophyll A
3.2. Vertical and Horizontal Distribution of Total Tintinnid Abundance
3.3. Tintinnid Species Composition and Distribution
3.4. Dominant Species in the Surface and Subsurface Layers (0–100 m)
3.5. Dominant Species in the Mesopelagic Layers (100–300/400 m)
3.6. Dominant Species in the Deep Sea Layers (400–1200 m)
3.7. Relationship between Dominant Species and Environmental Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stations | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depth Layers | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 * | 10 ** | 12 | 13 | GG |
0–50 | X | X | X * | X ** | X | X | X | ||
50–100 | X | X | X * | X ** | X | X | X | ||
0–100 | X | X | |||||||
100–200 | X | X | X * | X ** | X | X | |||
200–300 | X | X * | X ** | X | X | ||||
300–400 | X * | X * | X ** | X | |||||
400–600 | X * | X * | X ** | ||||||
600–800 | X * | X * | X ** | ||||||
1200–800 | X * | X ** |
Species | Station | Layers (m) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 13 | GG | I | II | III | IV | |
1. Codonella amphorella (OSS) | A | A | + | + | D | A | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
2. Codonella apicata (OS, OSS) | . | . | D | D | D | . | D | D | D | D | D | D | . |
3. Codonella aspera (OS, OSS) | + | + | + | A | D | A | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
4. Codonella galea (OSS) | . | + | + | . | D | A | + | D | + | + | + | + | A |
5. Codonaria cistellula (OS, OSS) | . | + | A | D | . | A | + | + | + | + | + | A | A |
6. Poroecus apiculatus (OS) | . | . | . | . | D | . | . | . | . | . | . | D | . |
7. Tintinnopsis angulata (OS) | . | . | D | . | . | . | . | D | . | D | . | . | D |
8. Tintinnopsis campanula (NE) | D | . | D | . | D | . | D | + | . | + | D | D | D |
9. Tintinnopsis radix (NE) | D | . | D | D | D | . | D | D | . | D | D | D | D |
10. Codonellopsis orthoceras (OS, OSS) | . | . | D | . | D | . | . | . | D | . | . | D | D |
11. Codonellopsis schabi (NE) | D | + | + | D | D | A | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
12. Stenosemella nivalis (NE) | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | D | + | + | . | . |
13. Stenosemella ventricosa (NE) | D | . | D | . | . | . | D | D | . | D | D | D | D |
14. Helicostomella subulata (NE) | D | . | . | . | . | . | D | . | . | D | . | D | . |
15. Cyttarocylis cassis (OSS, OMP) | . | D | + | . | D | A | . | D | A | D | + | + | D |
16. Cyttarocylis eucecryphalus (OS) | A | A | A | . | . | . | D | . | A | . | + | A | . |
17. Petalotricha ampulla (OSS) | A | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | D | D | + | + | . |
18. Favella azorica (OS) | . | . | D | . | . | . | . | D | D | D | D | D | . |
19. Epiplocylis acuminata (OS) | D | D | D | D | D | . | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
20. Epiplocylis undella (OS) | D | D | D | D | D | . | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
21. Protorhabdonella simplex (OSS) | . | D | . | . | D | . | D | D | . | D | D | . | . |
22. Rhabdonella elegans (OS, OSS) | . | . | D | . | D | . | . | . | . | D | . | D | . |
23. Rhabdonella spiralis (OS) | + | D | + | D | D | A | D | D | + | D | + | + | + |
24. Parundella aculeata (OS, OSS) | . | . | A | . | . | . | . | D | . | . | D | A | . |
25. Parundella lohmanni (OMP) | A | + | + | . | D | A | + | D | + | D | + | + | + |
26. Parundella messinensis (OMP) | . | D | + | . | D | A | . | . | + | . | D | + | D |
27. Xystonella lohmanni (OS, OSS) | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | D | D | . | D | . |
28. Xystonella longicauda (OS) | . | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | A | D | D | . |
29. Xystonella treforti (OSS) | . | + | A | . | D | . | . | . | . | D | + | D | . |
30. Xystonellopsis cymatica (OMP) | . | . | + | . | D | A | A | D | . | . | D | + | . |
31. Xystonellopsis paradoxa (OSS) | D | A | + | . | . | A | + | D | + | . | + | + | . |
32. Xystonellopsis scyphium (ODS) | A | D | + | D | D | A | A | . | D | D | D | + | + |
33. Amplectella collaria (OSS) | . | . | . | . | D | . | . | D | . | D | D | . | . |
34. Undella biangulata (OS, OSS) | . | . | . | . | D | A | D | . | A | . | . | + | + |
35. Undella claparedei (OSS) | A | + | + | + | D | A | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
36. Undella pentagona (OS) | . | . | . | . | D | . | . | . | . | D | . | . | . |
37. Undella subcaudata acuta (OS) | A | + | + | D | D | A | + | + | + | + | + | + | D |
38. Undella subcaudata subcaudata (OSS) | . | . | A | . | D | A | D | . | A | + | + | A | . |
39. Undella clevei (OS) | . | D | D | D | . | . | D | . | D | D | D | D | . |
40. Undella hyalina (OS) | . | . | + | . | D | A | D | D | . | + | . | D | + |
41. Undellopsis marsupialis (OSS) | . | A | + | + | D | A | + | A | A | + | + | + | . |
42. Undellopsis subangulata (OS, OSS) | . | . | D | . | D | A | D | . | . | . | A | D | D |
43. Dictyocysta elegans (OS, OSS) | D | A | + | . | D | A | + | A | + | + | + | + | . |
44. Dictyocysta entzi (OSS) | . | . | A | . | . | . | A | . | A | . | A | A | . |
45. Dictyocysta lepida (OS, OSS) | D | + | A | . | . | A | A | . | + | . | D | + | A |
46. Dictyocysta mitra (OS, OSS) | + | + | + | + | D | A | + | + | + | + | + | + | D |
47. Dictyocysta muelleri (OS, OSS) | . | A | . | . | D | . | . | . | A | . | + | + | . |
48. Amphorides quadrilineata (OS, OSS) | D | + | + | A | D | A | + | + | + | + | + | + | . |
49. Amphorellopsis acuta (OS) | D | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | D | D | . | . |
50. Dadayiella ganymedes (OS) | . | D | + | D | . | A | A | D | + | + | + | + | . |
51. Dadayiella pachytoecus (OS) | . | . | . | . | D | . | . | . | . | D | D | . | . |
52. Steenstrupiella steenstrupii (OS) | + | + | + | + | . | A | + | D | + | + | + | A | D |
53. Steenstrupiella intumescens (OS, OSS) | . | . | D | . | . | . | D | D | . | D | . | . | . |
54. Daturella striata (OMP) | . | D | A | . | D | . | . | . | D | . | + | + | . |
55. Eutintinnus lusus-undae (OS) | + | D | + | D | D | A | + | + | + | + | + | + | . |
56. Eutintinnus latus (OS, OSS) | A | . | D | . | D | . | D | A | D | + | + | D | D |
57. Eutintinnus elegans (OS) | . | . | . | . | . | . | D | . | . | D | . | . | . |
58. Eutintinnus fraknoi (OS) | D | D | D | D | D | A | D | + | D | + | + | + | + |
59. Eutintinnus stramentus (OSS) | . | . | D | . | . | . | D | D | D | D | D | . | . |
60. Salpingella acuminata (OS) | D | + | + | + | D | A | + | + | + | + | + | + | A |
61. Salpingella glockentoegeri (OS, OSS) | . | . | A | . | D | A | . | A | + | D | + | A | . |
62. Salpingella rotundata (OS) | . | . | + | D | D | . | D | . | . | D | D | A | . |
63. Salpingella subconica (OS) | . | D | . | . | D | . | . | D | . | D | D | . | . |
TOTAL December | 20 | 27 | 40 | 20 | 42 | . | 38 | 34 | 34 | 49 | 50 | 44 | 24 |
TOTAL April | 14 | 20 | 32 | 8 | . | 29 | 22 | 16 | 27 | 22 | 31 | 34 | 14 |
Species | December 2015 n = 27 | April 2016 n = 29 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp | Sal | Chl-a | DO | Temp | Sal | Chl-a | DO | |
Amphorellopsis acuta | 0.127 | −0.340 * | 0.349 * | 0.327 | ||||
Codonella aspera | 0.537 ** | −0.184 | 0.480 * | 0.606 *** | 0.279 | 0.342 * | 0.241 | 0.412 * |
Codonella amphorella | −0.279 | −0.157 | −0.394 * | −0.313 | ||||
Codonellopsis schabi | 0.775 *** | −0.016 | 0.557 ** | 0.665 *** | ||||
Dictyocysta mitra | 0.511 ** | 0.182 | 0.575 ** | 0.480 * | ||||
Eutintinnus lusus-undae | 0.859 *** | 0.083 | 0.593 *** | 0.651 *** | ||||
Parundella lohmanni | −0.427 * | −0.346 * | −0.607 *** | −0.456 * | ||||
Rhabdonella spiralis | 0.499 ** | −0.140 | 0.638 *** | 0.652 *** | ||||
Salpingella acuminata | 0.865 *** | 0.051 | 0.738 *** | 0.740 *** | ||||
Steenstrupiella steenstrupii | 0.420 * | −0.093 | 0.672 *** | 0.521 ** | 0.454 * | 0.321 | 0.616 *** | 0.536 ** |
Undella claparedei | 0.626 *** | 0.328 | 0.294 | 0.414 * | 0.213 | 0.443 ** | 0.125 | 0.188 |
Protorhabdonella simplex | 0.588 *** | 0.069 | 0.138 | 0.302 | ||||
Epiplocylis undella | 0.537 ** | 0.228 | 0.244 | 0.364 * | ||||
Xystonellopsis scyphium | −0.348 * | 0.194 | −0.127 | −0.341 * |
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Njire, J.; Batistić, M.; Kovačević, V.; Garić, R.; Bensi, M. Tintinnid Ciliate Communities in Pre- and Post-Winter Conditions in the Southern Adriatic Sea (NE Mediterranean). Water 2019, 11, 2329. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112329
Njire J, Batistić M, Kovačević V, Garić R, Bensi M. Tintinnid Ciliate Communities in Pre- and Post-Winter Conditions in the Southern Adriatic Sea (NE Mediterranean). Water. 2019; 11(11):2329. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112329
Chicago/Turabian StyleNjire, Jakica, Mirna Batistić, Vedrana Kovačević, Rade Garić, and Manuel Bensi. 2019. "Tintinnid Ciliate Communities in Pre- and Post-Winter Conditions in the Southern Adriatic Sea (NE Mediterranean)" Water 11, no. 11: 2329. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112329
APA StyleNjire, J., Batistić, M., Kovačević, V., Garić, R., & Bensi, M. (2019). Tintinnid Ciliate Communities in Pre- and Post-Winter Conditions in the Southern Adriatic Sea (NE Mediterranean). Water, 11(11), 2329. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112329