Phytoplankton Composition and Water Quality of Kamil Abduş Lagoon (Tuzla Lake), Istanbul-Turkey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Analyses
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Phytoplankton Composition
3.2. Physicochemical Parameters and Chlorophyll-a
3.3. Application of the ANN
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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STATIONS | COORDINATES | CHARACTERISTICS |
---|---|---|
St. 1 | 40°49′50.69′′ N 29°16′43.35′′ E | It is located where the lagoon is connected to the Marmara Sea. |
St. 2 | 40°49′58.09′′ N 29°17′03.18′′ E | It was selected near to the Tuzla Shipyard. |
St. 3 | 40°49′58.66′′ N 29°17′32.45′′ E | It takes place in the freshwater entry and greenhouses are located around. |
DIVISIO: BACILLARIOPHYTA | DIVISIO: CHAROPHYTA |
---|---|
Order: Aulacoseirales | Order: Desmidiales |
Aulacoseira italica (Ehrenberg) Simonsen | Closterium acutum Brébisson |
Order: Bacillariales | DIVISIO: CRYPTOPHYTA |
Nitzschia acicularis (Kützing) W.Smith | Order: Cryptomonadales |
Order: Cocconeidales | Cryptomonas ovata Ehrenberg |
Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg | DIVISIO: CYANOBACTERIA |
Order: Cymbellales | Order: Chroococcales |
Cymbella affinis Kützing | Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing |
Gomphonema truncatum Ehrenberg | Order: Nostocales |
Order: Licmophorales | Anabaena spiroides Klebahn |
Ulnaria acus (Kützing) Aboal | Order: Oscillariotales |
Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) Compère | Oscillatoria tenuis C.Agadh ex Gomont |
Order: Melosirales | Order: Spirulinales |
Melosira varians C. Agardh | Spirulina sp. |
Order: Naviculales | Order: Synechococccales |
Navicula cryptocephala Kützing | Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenberg) Kützing |
Order: Rhopalodiales | DIVISIO: EUGLENOZOA |
Epithemia sp. | Order: Euglenales |
Order: Stephanodiscales | Euglena gracilis G.A. Klebs |
Cyclotella atomus Hustedt | Euglena variabilis G.A. Klebs |
Order: Thalassiophysales | Euglena viridis (O.Müller) Ehrenberg |
Amphora ovalis (Kützing) Kützing | Phacus sp. |
DIVISIO:CHLOROPHYTA | Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) F. Stein |
Order: Chlamydomonadales | DIVISIO: MIOZOA |
Chlamydomonas sp. | Order: Noctilucales |
Order: Oedogoniales | Noctiluca miliaris Suriray, nom. inval. |
Oedogonium sp. | Order: Peridiniales |
Order: Sphaeropleales | Peridinium bipes Stein |
Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs | Order: Prorocentrales |
Scenedesmus sp. | Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) F. Stein |
Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg |
Months | Temp. (°C) | pH | Dis.O2 (mg/L) | Sal. (‰) | Cond. mS/cm | Chl-a (µg/L) | NO2 (mg/L) | NO3 (mg/L) | PO4 (mg/L) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
February 2016 | St.1 | 11.9 | 8.17 | 10.79 | 24.5 | 39.7 | 0.46 | 0.015 | 0.417 | 0.031 |
St.2 | 11.9 | 8.25 | 11.50 | 24.5 | 39.6 | 0.84 | 0.008 | 0.855 | 0.045 | |
St.3 | 13.6 | 8.60 | 10.66 | 21.1 | 34.2 | 11.40 | 0.053 | 2.463 | 0.045 | |
March 2016 | St.1 | 11.3 | 8.39 | 8.39 | 25.4 | 40.9 | 2.01 | 0.008 | 0.125 | 0.040 |
St.2 | 11.3 | 8.38 | 7.42 | 24.6 | 39.6 | 2.15 | 0.002 | 0.046 | 0.054 | |
St.3 | 11.0 | 8.62 | 9.66 | 18.4 | 30.4 | 20.10 | 0.052 | 1.618 | 0.111 | |
April 2016 | St.1 | 18.8 | 8.39 | 8.65 | 24.1 | 58.4 | 1.36 | 0.041 | 0.035 | 0.049 |
St.2 | 21.4 | 8.16 | 5.86 | 25.1 | 39.5 | 3.11 | 0.232 | 0.217 | 0.072 | |
St.3 | 19.5 | 7.90 | 3.10 | 23.2 | 37.0 | 21.50 | 0.925 | 0.390 | 0.147 | |
May 2016 | St.1 | 24.3 | 8.61 | 6.19 | 21.5 | 34.3 | 0.71 | 0.018 | 0.041 | 0.035 |
St.2 | 27.2 | 8.57 | 5.54 | 23.2 | 36.5 | 4.06 | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.041 | |
St.3 | 30.6 | 8.63 | 6.02 | 17.1 | 27.7 | 22.90 | 0.018 | 1.591 | 0.054 | |
June 2016 | St.1 | 29.4 | 8.81 | 5.05 | 23.4 | 36.9 | 6.99 | 0.071 | 0.038 | 0.057 |
St.2 | 29.3 | 8.72 | 4.93 | 23.4 | 36.8 | 5.31 | 0.008 | 0.016 | 0.055 | |
St.3 | 29.7 | 8.38 | 3.23 | 21.0 | 33.3 | 33.5 | 0.039 | 0.049 | 0.777 | |
July 2016 | St.1 | 27.6 | 8.62 | 4.16 | 23.8 | 37.3 | 1.93 | 0.002 | 0.031 | 0.051 |
St.2 | 28.1 | 8.64 | 3.64 | 24.6 | 38.5 | 2.28 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.035 | |
St.3 | 28.6 | 9.22 | 7.03 | 23.1 | 36.2 | 16.10 | 0.009 | 0.012 | 1.057 | |
August 2016 | St.1 | 28.8 | 8.5 | 5.33 | 23.3 | 36.7 | 0.71 | 0.005 | 0.028 | 0.062 |
St.2 | 28.6 | 8.83 | 4.99 | 25.2 | 39.2 | 7.37 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 2.818 | |
St.3 | 27.9 | 8.89 | 4.11 | 25.2 | 39.3 | 34.20 | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.547 | |
September 2016 | St.1 | 21.0 | 7.82 | 5.70 | 23.6 | 37.8 | 2.71 | 0.004 | 0.044 | 0.068 |
St.2 | 20.7 | 8.1 | 4.11 | 24.9 | 39.6 | 0.64 | 0.006 | 0.036 | 2.915 | |
St.3 | 20.8 | 8.44 | 7.61 | 22.9 | 36.8 | 166.60 | 0.006 | 0.035 | 0.112 | |
October 2016 | St.1 | 17.8 | 7.93 | 6.45 | 24.2 | 38.4 | 5.78 | 0.007 | 0.025 | 0.075 |
St.2 | 18.3 | 8.04 | 7.47 | 24.0 | 38.1 | 1.96 | 0.005 | 0.031 | 2.627 | |
St.3 | 17.9 | 7.85 | 4.70 | 21.0 | 34.2 | 64.50 | 0.039 | 0.071 | 0.142 | |
November 2016 | St.1 | 14.7 | 8.12 | 6.70 | 23.8 | 38.2 | 1.88 | 0.007 | 0.025 | 0.043 |
St.2 | 12.7 | 8.13 | 7.87 | 23.4 | 37.5 | 2.96 | 0.005 | 0.601 | 0.046 | |
St.3 | 13.1 | 8.6 | 12.17 | 17.0 | 28.0 | 349.20 | 0.0001 | 2.481 | 0.082 | |
December 2016 | St.1 | 8.4 | 7.97 | 9.50 | 24.4 | 39.6 | 5.22 | 0.0161 | 0.069 | 2.651 |
St.2 | 7.5 | 7.96 | 8.67 | 23.1 | 37.9 | 5.88 | 0.035 | 0.382 | 0.121 | |
St.3 | 8.6 | 7.09 | 0.93 | 4.2 | 7.74 | 8.45 | 2.431 | 0.436 | 3.087 | |
January 2017 | St.1 | 7.1 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 24.4 | 39.6 | 5.22 | 0.0161 | 0.069 | 2.651 |
St.2 | 7.4 | 8.00 | 9.41 | 23.1 | 37.9 | 5.88 | 0.035 | 0.382 | 0.121 | |
St.3 | 11.0 | 7.29 | 1.76 | 4.2 | 7.74 | 8.45 | 2.431 | 0.436 | 3.087 |
Parameters | Station 1 | Station 2 | Station 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Training | Validation | Training | Validation | Training | Validation | |
Temp. (°C) | ||||||
RSquare | 0.9999737 | 0.4596033 | 0.8838093 | 0.631399 | 0.3086698 | 0.3748334 |
RMSE | 0.0310153 | 7.3130269 | 2.6150308 | 2.9529559 | 6.5201517 | 5.838559 |
Mean Abs Dev | 0.0240022 | 6.1902893 | 2.199174 | 2.7058061 | 5.7914644 | 4.6785388 |
-LogLikelihood | −16.4347 | 13.634383 | 19.041715 | 10.006981 | 26.350689 | 12.73369 |
SSE | 0.0076956 | 213.92145 | 54.707088 | 34.879794 | 340.09902 | 136.35509 |
Sum Freq | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
pH | ||||||
RSquare | 0.1668538 | −0.853992 | 0.7435473 | −2.726735 | 0.6022838 | 0.5610022 |
RMSE | 0.267187 | 0.4237442 | 0.1625936 | 0.2792107 | 0.3485397 | 0.4631205 |
Mean Abs Dev | 0.19454 | 0.3370907 | 0.1326328 | 0.2269885 | 0.2977953 | 0.3587391 |
-LogLikelihood | 0.7930575 | 2.2412528 | −3.180506 | 0.5726001 | 2.9194836 | 2.5966824 |
SSE | 0.5711113 | 0.7182366 | 0.2114933 | 0.3118345 | 0.9718395 | 0.8579225 |
Sum Freq | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
Dis.O2 (mg/L) | ||||||
RSquare | 0.9163089 | 0.7379888 | 0.9261704 | 0.3033255 | 0.2448014 | 0.8748499 |
RMSE | 0.4764616 | 1.1898445 | 0.4363866 | 2.2727797 | 3.1580448 | 1.0308688 |
Mean Abs Dev | 0.3834798 | 0.9991211 | 0.3407872 | 1.8561 | 2.8588008 | 0.9330222 |
-LogLikelihood | 5.4205636 | 6.3710446 | 4.7176952 | 8.9597687 | 20.551133 | 5.797362 |
SSE | 1.8161255 | 5.6629195 | 1.5234664 | 20.662111 | 79.785974 | 4.2507621 |
Sum Freq | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
Sal. (‰) | ||||||
RSquare | 0.3954401 | 0.3160244 | 0.9844877 | 0.4322861 | 0.9262025 | 0.8076052 |
RMSE | 0.8005208 | 0.4567412 | 0.1002207 | 0.5230365 | 1.6483301 | 3.3814941 |
Mean Abs Dev | 0.6163722 | 0.3929383 | 0.0899393 | 0.4522695 | 1.2181054 | 2.7069999 |
-LogLikelihood | 9.5715661 | 2.5412011 | −7.051536 | 3.0833379 | 15.34961 | 10.549025 |
SSE | 5.1266683 | 0.8344503 | 0.0803535 | 1.0942686 | 21.735936 | 45.738009 |
Sum Freq | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
Cond. (mS/cm) | ||||||
RSquare | 0.241318 | -3.241563 | 0.9383862 | 0.1330518 | 0.9251709 | 0.8187747 |
RMSE | 6.0577539 | 2.9393084 | 0.246665 | 0.6854032 | 2.5334666 | 5.0402667 |
Mean Abs Dev | 4.3259859 | 2.6573154 | 0.1652148 | 0.6478408 | 1.8956645 | 4.0361131 |
-LogLikelihood | 25.762221 | 9.9884515 | 0.1537138 | 4.1647622 | 18.788217 | 12.14559 |
SSE | 293.57106 | 34.558137 | 0.4867488 | 1.8791103 | 51.347625 | 101.61716 |
Sum Freq | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
Chl-a (µg/L) | ||||||
RSquare | 0.6644175 | 0.6276704 | -0.108688 | 0.0295825 | 0.1909539 | −0.495111 |
RMSE | 0.9893484 | 1.7277083 | 1.8797527 | 2.0723419 | 96.648065 | 80.49158 |
Mean Abs Dev | 0.7513394 | 1.5335083 | 1.5308088 | 1.945856 | 66.256978 | 67.232993 |
-LogLikelihood | 11.265838 | 7.8629375 | 16.40063 | 8.5904715 | 47.920118 | 23.228364 |
SSE | 7.8304822 | 11.939904 | 28.267762 | 17.178404 | 74726.787 | 25915.578 |
Sum Freq | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
NO2 (mg/L) | ||||||
RSquare | 0.7840246 | −1.181181 | 0.4387834 | −27.67934 | 0.894466 | 0.700029 |
RMSE | 0.0054927 | 0.0382467 | 0.0543981 | 0.0697605 | 0.2625079 | 0.5713248 |
Mean Abs Dev | 0.0049184 | 0.0272054 | 0.0436844 | 0.0614943 | 0.2137998 | 0.3580636 |
-LogLikelihood | −30.28323 | −7.379034 | −11.9399 | −4.974996 | 0.6517157 | 3.4365644 |
SSE | 0.0002414 | 0.0058513 | 0.0236732 | 0.0194661 | 0.5512832 | 1.305648 |
Sum Freq | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
NO3 (mg/L) | ||||||
RSquare | 0.7769353 | 0.0377191 | 0.8604199 | 0.419233 | 0.0932847 | −0.639227 |
RMSE | 0.0148754 | 0.1587079 | 0.0779262 | 0.2543058 | 0.9577898 | 0.8361007 |
Mean Abs Dev | 0.0119939 | 0.0988195 | 0.0611344 | 0.1972806 | 0.853357 | 0.6502993 |
-LogLikelihood | −22.31288 | −1.687007 | −9.064436 | 0.1988823 | 11.006493 | 4.9597293 |
SSE | 0.0017702 | 0.1007527 | 0.0485799 | 0.2586857 | 7.3388901 | 2.7962575 |
Sum Freq | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
PO4 (mg/L) | ||||||
RSquare | 0.5161065 | 0.0681952 | 0.9999878 | 0.7559572 | 0.9329395 | 0.6151915 |
RMSE | 0.5980807 | 1.0872444 | 0.0040252 | 0.6080376 | 0.2508698 | 0.7536434 |
Mean Abs Dev | 0.52071 | 0.6955629 | 0.0031952 | 0.481501 | 0.214833 | 0.6552709 |
-LogLikelihood | 7.2392722 | 6.0103398 | −32.76994 | 3.6856798 | 0.2889379 | 4.5444103 |
SSE | 2.8616046 | 4.7284014 | 0.0001296 | 1.4788388 | 0.5034852 | 2.2719136 |
Sum Freq | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
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Yilmaz, N.; Yardimci, C.H.; Elhag, M.; Dumitrache, C.A. Phytoplankton Composition and Water Quality of Kamil Abduş Lagoon (Tuzla Lake), Istanbul-Turkey. Water 2018, 10, 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050603
Yilmaz N, Yardimci CH, Elhag M, Dumitrache CA. Phytoplankton Composition and Water Quality of Kamil Abduş Lagoon (Tuzla Lake), Istanbul-Turkey. Water. 2018; 10(5):603. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050603
Chicago/Turabian StyleYilmaz, Nese, Cumhur Haldun Yardimci, Mohamed Elhag, and Cristina Alina Dumitrache. 2018. "Phytoplankton Composition and Water Quality of Kamil Abduş Lagoon (Tuzla Lake), Istanbul-Turkey" Water 10, no. 5: 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050603
APA StyleYilmaz, N., Yardimci, C. H., Elhag, M., & Dumitrache, C. A. (2018). Phytoplankton Composition and Water Quality of Kamil Abduş Lagoon (Tuzla Lake), Istanbul-Turkey. Water, 10(5), 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050603