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Article

The Characteristics of the Aeolian Environment in the Coastal Sandy Land of Boao Jade Belt Beach, Hainan Island

by
Shuai Zhong
1,2,*,
Jianjun Qu
3,
Zhizhong Zhao
1,2 and
Penghua Qiu
1,2
1
College of Geography and Environmental Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
2
Key Laboratory of Tropical Island Land Surface Processes and Environmental Changes of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
3
Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Guangzhou 511458, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070845
Submission received: 19 May 2025 / Revised: 5 July 2025 / Accepted: 7 July 2025 / Published: 11 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)
Browse Figures
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Abstract

Boao Jade Beach, on the east coast of Hainan Island, is a typical sandy beach and is one of the areas where typhoons frequently land in Hainan. This study examined wind speed, wind direction, and sediment transport data obtained from field meteorological stations and omnidirectional sand accumulation instruments from 2020 to 2024 to study the coastal aeolian environment and sediment transport distribution characteristics in the region. The findings provide a theoretical basis for comprehensive analyses of the evolution of coastal aeolian landforms and the evaluation and control of coastal aeolian hazards. The research results showed the following: (1) The annual average threshold wind velocity for sand movement in the study area was 6.13 m/s, and the wind speed frequency was 20.97%, mainly dominated by easterly winds (NNE, NE) and southerly winds (S). (2) The annual drift potential (DP) and resultant drift potential (RDP) of Boao Jade Belt Beach from 2020 to 2024 were 125.99 VU and 29.59 VU, respectively, indicating a low-energy wind environment. The yearly index of directional wind variability (RDP/DP) was 0.23, which is classified as a small ratio and indicates blunt bimodal wind conditions. The yearly resultant drift direction (RDD) was 329.41°, corresponding to the NNW direction, indicating that the sand on Boao Jade Belt Beach is generally transported in the southwest direction. (3) When the measured data from the sand accumulation instrument in the study area from 2020 to 2024 were used for a statistical analysis, the results showed that the total sediment transport rate in the study area was 39.97 kg/m·a, with the maximum sediment transport rate in the S direction being 17.74 kg/m·a. These results suggest that, when sand fixation systems are constructed for relevant infrastructure in the region, the direction of protective forests and other engineering measures should be perpendicular to the net direction of sand transport.

1. Introduction

Since the late 1950s, about 70% of China’s sandy coasts have been eroded, accounting for more than one-third of the country’s total coastline. Coastal erosion has become a common disastrous phenomenon around the world, having serious impacts on production and on the lives of coastal people [1]. In recent years, Hainan has developed rapidly; its economy, society, and other aspects will undergo tremendous changes. However, the high-quality tropical island environment in Hainan will also receive much attention due to the impacts of human activities. The sandy coast of Hainan Island has a total length of 785.7 km, accounting for 43.1% of the total length of the province’s coastline, mainly distributed in the northeast, east, and west [2].
The erosion and accumulation of sandy lands are the basic contents of studies of aeolian geomorphology [3], and their formation, development, and evolution mechanisms have received widespread attention from the domestic and international aeolian geomorphology and aeolian physics communities. Significant progress has been made in understanding the development patterns and conditions of sandy lands in inland deserts and sandy areas [4,5,6,7], along with research on topics such as their morphological evolution [8], surface airflow and erosion accumulation [9], wind–sand flow structures and sediment transport rates [10,11,12], assessing the sand drift potential (DP) to understand wind dynamics and mitigate aeolian hazards [13], sedimentary structures [14], and sand landform movement patterns [15]. Coastal sandy land is formed through interactions among the sea, land, and air [16]. Scientists have used measurement, remote sensing, and GIS technologies [17,18,19,20,21] to observe and study erosion and accumulation processes on the coasts of the Baltic Sea in Europe [22], South America [23], North America [24], the United Kingdom [25], Australia [26], and the Mediterranean Sea [27]. Compared with systematic research abroad on the movement of and morphological changes to coastal sandy land, there is a significant lack of research on these movements and morphological changes in China. In the 1980s, in-depth research was mainly conducted on types and evolution patterns [28,29,30]. Recently, focus has mainly been placed on observations and experimental studies of sand movement processes [31,32,33], and, at present, only a few observational results on movement and morphological changes are available [34,35].
In the past few decades, many analysis methods have been developed to assess the potential of sand transport. Fryberger’s drift potential (DP) calculation method has been widely accepted and adopted in global aeolian environment research [7,36,37]. The sediment transport potential refers to the potential total amount of sediment transported within a certain time and spatial range, which can intuitively reflect the intensity of regional aeolian activity and is an important indicator for measuring the spatiotemporal evolution of landforms [38,39,40,41,42]. Sandy land’s morphology, erosion and accumulation rates, and overall movement direction are all influenced by wind intensity. Therefore, there is a strong correlation between morphology and wind conditions [43]. In a study of aeolian land in the Middle East, a clear correspondence was found between the morphology and regional wind conditions. Regional differences were also found in the wind energy environment, and strong sandstorm activity in summer had a significant impact on sandy land [44,45]. At a smaller spatiotemporal scale, wind power continuously reshapes the morphology of sandy land, so researchers usually combine it with the sediment transport potential to study changes in geomorphology. The southern coast of South America has a higher sediment transport potential, sufficient sand sources, and less precipitation, resulting in a larger coastal sandy land area than that in the northern region. However, the sandy land in the area tends to stabilize overall due to increased precipitation and decreasing sediment transport potential year by year [46,47]. After an analysis of wind data for the estuary system in northern Europe, a detailed study was conducted on dynamic changes in sandy land and the impact of high-energy storms [48]. The relationship between wind field changes and coastal sandy land morphology in southeastern Australia suggests that analyses of the wind field and its dynamic changes are necessary in such studies [49]. Prior research on the evolution of sandy land morphology based on sediment transport potential in China has focused on inland desert areas. In a study of parabolic sandy land, it was found that a decrease in regional synthetic sediment transport potential and a reduction in sand sources in the downwind direction promoted the transformation of crescent-shaped sand landforms into parabolic sand landforms [50,51,52,53]. Based on analyses of wind fields and sandy land morphology, it is believed that spatial differences in the sand dune movement rates are caused by factors such as wind conditions and the height and density of the sand dunes [54]. However, examinations of aeolian sediment transport in sandy coastal zones of China are relatively rare.
Boao Jade Belt Beach in Qionghai City, on the east coast of Hainan Island in China (Figure 1), is a typical sandy beach and one of the areas where typhoons most frequently land in Hainan. This area is the mouth of the Wanquan River, Jiuqu River, and Longgun River, integrating mountains, oceans, lakes (lagoons), sand islands, rivers, sandbars, and diverse tropical vegetation landscapes. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the frequent occurrence of abnormal weather, global sea level rise, and excessive exploitation of local mineral and tourism resources have posed a serious threat to the stability of the region’s landforms and have attracted much attention, making it a hot spot for scientific research.

2. Materials and Methods

A typical coastal sandy area of size 500 m × 500 m was selected as the observation zone on Boao Jade Belt Beach, located at 19°6′ N, 110°32′ E. An MW-S116 meteorological station was set up in the study area to continuously observe the environmental temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, wind frequency, precipitation, and other factors, and an omnidirectional sand accumulation instrument (consisting of a sand inlet, a sand container, a sand cover, and a cylindrical outer bucket) was installed to collect all sediment transport in all directions (360°).
The field meteorological station recorded meteorological data every half hour from 2020 to 2024. The whole year was divided into four seasons: spring from March to May, summer from June to August, autumn from September to November, and winter from December to February. This study used 5 m/s as the threshold wind velocity for sand movement [3] and screened and classified winds with a velocity of ≥5 m/s from the wind data based on their orientation. The winds were divided into 16 directions: N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE, SE, SSE, S, SW, SSW, WSW, W, WNW, NW, and NNW. The measured sediment transport was divided into 8 directions: N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, and NW. The wind speed was divided into 8 stages: 5 m/s ≤ V < 7 m/s, 7 m/s ≤ V < 9 m/s, 9 m/s ≤ V < 11 m/s, 11 m/s ≤ V < 13 m/s, 13 m/s ≤ V < 15 m/s, 15 m/s ≤ V < 17 m/s, 17 m/s ≤ V < 19 m/s, and V ≥ 19 m/s. The average threshold wind velocity, wind speed frequency, and sediment transport rate were calculated based on the measured data of the wind direction, wind speed, and sediment transport on Boao Jade Belt Beach.
According to Fryberger’s proposed method for calculating sediment transport potential,
DP = V2(V − Vt) t
DP is the drift potential commonly expressed in vector units (VU); V is the observed wind speed higher than the threshold wind speed (knot, 1 knot = 0.514444 m/s); Vt is threshold wind speed (knot) [3]; t is the duration of sand-driving wind, which can be replaced by the wind frequency, expressed as a percentage (%).
The formula for calculating the sediment transport rate is
Q = W/(L∙∆T)
Q is the sediment transport rate, measured in kg/m∙a; W is the amount of sediment collected, in kilograms; L is the inlet width of the sediment collector, in meters; ΔT is the time, in years.
The sediment transport potential can reflect the net sediment transport capacity within a certain area, while the index of directional wind variability can reflect the wind direction combination within a certain area. The resultant drift potential (RDP) represents the intensity of net aeolian transport within a year. The yearly resultant drift direction (RDD) represents the net dominant direction of aeolian transport within a year. The RDP and RDD can be calculated and synthesized from the drift potential in various directions based on the frequency of the wind. DP < 200 VU indicates a low-energy wind environment; 200 VU ≤ DP < 400 VU indicates a medium-energy wind environment; and DP ≥ 400 VU indicates a high-energy wind environment. The index of directional wind variability is RDP/DP. When RDP/DP is less than 0.3, it is considered a small ratio and is related to composite wind conditions and blunt bimodal wind conditions; when the RDP/DP is between 0.3 and 0.8, it is a moderate ratio, related to blunt bimodal wind conditions and sharp bimodal wind conditions; when the RDP/DP is greater than 0.8, it is considered a large ratio and is related to both wide unimodal and narrow unimodal wind conditions.

3. Results

3.1. Wind Field Characteristics in the Coastal Sandy Land of Boao Jade Belt Beach

3.1.1. Characteristics of Sand-Driving Wind

Sand-driving wind is an important indicator for studying the intensity of sand activity in a certain area. According to the meteorological data for Boao Jade Belt Beach from 2020 to 2024 (Figure 2), there is an obvious wind season in this area from September to April of the next year. The average sand-driving wind speeds in April, September, October, and November exceed 6 m/s. The non-wind season is mainly concentrated in summer, from May to August. The average annual sand-driving wind speed in the study area is 6.13 m/s; the highest speed appears in September, at 8.84 m/s; and the lowest speed appears in August, at 5.21 m/s.

3.1.2. Annual Sand-Driving Wind Direction and Frequency

The wind direction determines the direction of sand movement, which is crucial for the study of sandy landforms. An analysis of the meteorological data for Boao Jade Belt Beach from 2020 to 2024 showed that the frequency of the annual sand-driving wind in this area is 20.97%. The region is mainly dominated by easterly winds (NNE, NE, ENE) and southerly winds (S), accounting for 7.81% and 8.31% of the annual wind direction, respectively. The highest sand-driving wind frequency was found for the S direction, with 8.31%, while the frequencies of other directions were all less than 1% (Figure 3).

3.1.3. Monthly Sand-Blowing Wind Direction and Frequency

The monthly sand-driving wind direction in the area is consistent with the annual sand-driving wind direction. There is an obvious wind season in this area, from September to April of the next year. An analysis of the frequency and direction of sand-driving wind in each month showed (Figure 4 and Figure 5) that the highest sand-driving wind frequency appeared in April in this region, at 65.69%. The S direction was the dominant sand-driving wind direction, with a frequency of 58.19%; the wind frequencies in other wind directions did not exceed 5%. The wind frequency in January was 15.59%, and the dominant wind direction was northeasterly (NE). The wind frequency was 18.98% in February, and the dominant wind direction was southerly (S). The wind frequency was 24.33% in March, and the dominant wind direction was southerly (S). The wind frequency was 21.37% in October, and the dominant wind direction was northeasterly (ENE). For November, the wind frequency was 32.22%, and the dominant wind direction was northeasterly (NE, ENE). The wind frequency was 25.27% in December, and the dominant wind direction was northeasterly (NNE). The wind frequencies in May, June, July, August, and September were relatively small; the wind frequency in August was the smallest, at 1.48%, and the dominant wind direction was southwesterly (S, SSW).

3.2. Distribution Characteristics of Sediment Transport

3.2.1. Annual Changes in Drift Potential

The annual drift potential (DP) and resultant drift potential (RDP) of Boao Jade Belt Beach from 2020 to 2024 were 125.99 VU and 29.59 VU, respectively, indicating a low-energy wind environment (Figure 6). The maximum drift potential appeared in the S direction, at 52.38 VU, followed by the NNE, NE, and ENE directions at 14.65 VU, 10.66 VU, and 9.88 VU, respectively. The annual directional variability index (RDP/DP) was 0.23, which is a small ratio and represents blunt bimodal wind conditions. The yearly resultant drift direction (RDD) was 329.41°, belonging to the NNW direction, indicating that the sand on Boao Jade Belt Beach is generally transported to the southwest.

3.2.2. Monthly Changes in Drift Potential

The variation characteristics of drift potential on Boao Jade Belt Beach have obvious seasonality. An analysis of drift potential in each month showed (Figure 7) that the drift potentials were relatively high in autumn and winter. Among them, the drift potential (DP) (31.79 VU) and the resultant drift potential (RDP) (9.83 VU) in September were the largest, with a directional variability index (RDP/DP) of 0.31. The resultant drift direction (RDD) was 76.69°, belonging to the ENE direction. These were followed by the DP (31.36 VU) and RDP (31.13 VU) for April, with an RDP/DP value of 0.99. The RDD was 2.94°, belonging to the N direction. The DP in each month of the non-wind season (May, June, July, and August) was less than 6.5 VU, and the RDDs were mainly to the north.

3.3. Annual Sediment Transport

A statistical analysis was conducted using the measured data from the omnidirectional sand accumulation instrument placed in the study area from 2020 to 2024 (Figure 8). The total sediment transport rate in the study area was 39.97 kg/m·a. The maximum sediment transport rate was in the S direction with 17.74 kg/m ·a, followed by the NE, N, NW, E, W, and SE directions, with rates of 6.52 kg/m·a, 5.55 kg/m·a, 3.50 kg/m·a, 2.81 kg/m·a, 1.70 kg/m·a, and 1.61 kg/m·a, respectively. The minimum sediment transport rate appeared in the SW direction with 0.54 kg/m·a. The sediment transport rate was consistent with the drift potential; southern and northeast winds prevail in spring and winter in the study area, which was associated with less precipitation and a lower soil moisture content, indicating an active period of aeolian activity.

4. Discussion

4.1. Aeolian Environment

The aeolian activity in the study area is significantly correlated with the local climate. In particular, the period from September to April of the following year represents the wind season, with higher wind speeds and frequencies for sand formation. The prevailing wind direction from September to January of the following year is northeasterly, mainly influenced by the East Asian winter monsoon and the superimposed strengthening of the northeast trade wind. The prevailing wind direction from February to April is southerly, and the dominant Mongolian high-pressure system declines in winter. The South China Sea and the western Pacific gradually become low-pressure areas, and the pressure gradient pushes the airflow to converge from the South China Sea low-pressure area to Hainan Island, forming southerly winds. The warm and humid air flow in the South China Sea gradually strengthens with the season, especially in March and April, becoming the main source of water vapor on Hainan Island, further consolidating the dominant position of the southerly winds. In addition, before the cold air moves southward, Hainan Island is affected by warm advection, and the south wind strengthens. May to August is the non-wind season, with lower wind speeds and frequencies for sand formation. In this season, southeast winds prevail, mainly influenced by the East Asian summer monsoon. Secondly, the southeast airflow of the subtropical high-pressure system intersects with the southwest monsoon in the South China Sea, causing the wind direction near Hainan Island to turn southeasterly. In summer, due to the control of the western Pacific subtropical high-pressure system and the small temperature difference between land and sea, the wind force is relatively small. The annual and synthetic sediment transport potentials of Boao Jade Belt Beach from 2020 to 2024 were 125.99 VU and 29.59 VU, respectively, indicating a low-wind-energy environment. The transportation of wind and sand in the research area is mainly concentrated from September to April of the following year, with a synthetic sand transport direction of WSW throughout the year. The sand material on Boao Jade Belt Beach is transported in a southwest direction as a whole. To compare this with another coastal sandy area in China, the total annual sediment transport potential in the Changli coastal area of Hebei Province is 61.07 VU, and its composite sediment transport potential is 25.22 VU [55]. The wind and sand activity of Boao Jade Belt Beach on Hainan Island is significantly stronger.

4.2. The Important Impact of Typhoons on Coastal Sandy Land

A typhoon is a high-energy factor that has an important impact on coastal sand lands [56,57,58,59]. Especially because of the important representation of the interaction of waves, beaches, and lands, the relationship between typhoons and the formation and evolution of coastal sand lands has attracted more and more attention [60]. The intensity of storm surges has a significant impact on the morphology of coastal sand lands [61]. The main factors influencing the differential response of coastal sandy land to storm surges include the storm intensity, duration, and frequency [59]. The wind frequency in the research area in September was only 11.53%, while the drift potential reached 31.79 VU, which was the maximum monthly drift potential. The storm response process of coastal aeolian geomorphology is actually the erosion, transportation, and accumulation process of coastal sandy sediments during the storm [62,63,64]. The storm surge accompanying a typhoon transports a large amount of sand particles to the coast, providing a sufficient material basis for the development of sandy coasts [65]. The sediment transported to coastal front lands is mainly the result of low and intermediate wind transport [66]. The synthetic sediment transport direction for the typical typhoon month of September in this area is basically consistent with the measured annual sediment transport direction, being greatest in the NE direction; this indicates that typhoons are of great significance to sediment transport on coastal sandy land and are an important force in shaping coastal lands.

4.3. The Impact of Human Activities on the Evolution of Sandy Coasts

On the one hand, the rising sea level causes the wave base to rise, leading to an increase in beach dynamics, which can easily cause coastal erosion on Boao Jade Belt Beach. On the other hand, the construction of dams in the Wanquan River Basin not only reduces the suspended load but, more importantly, also intercepts the bed load, reduces river sediment transport, and accelerates the erosion of Boao Jade Belt Beach. Since 1980, the sediment transport rate of the Wanquan River into the sea has significantly decreased, with the sediment transport rate in the 1990s accounting for only 23.6% of that from 1960 to 1970. The total storage capacity of the Niululing Reservoir, built in 1982, reaches 530 million cubic meters, equivalent to 12% of the annual inflow of the Wanquan River into the sea [67]. In comparison, the storage capacity of the world’s largest hydropower station, the Three Gorges Project, accounts for only 4% of the annual inflow of the Yangtze River into the sea, and the total storage capacity of the 50,000 reservoirs on the Yangtze River is only about 22% of its annual inflow into the sea [68]. Finally, human activities such as sand mining and aquaculture also have a certain impact on the erosion of the sand lands.

5. Conclusions

Boao Jade Belt Beach on Hainan Island is a typical sandy coastal area with strong wind and sand activity, belonging to a high-energy wind environment. The annual average wind velocity for sand movement in the study area was 6.13 m/s, and the wind frequency was 20.97%, mainly dominated by easterly winds (NNE, NE) and southerly winds (S). The annual drift potential (DP) and resultant drift potential (RDP) of Boao Jade Belt Beach from 2020 to 2024 were 125.99 VU and 29.59 VU, respectively, indicating a low-energy wind environment. The yearly index of directional wind variability (RDP/DP) was 0.23, which is classified as a small ratio and indicates blunt bimodal wind conditions. The period from September to April of the following year is the wind season in the research area and is also the concentrated time period for the formation and evolution of aeolian landforms.
The yearly resultant drift direction (RDD) was 329.41°, corresponding to the NNW direction, indicating that the sand on Boao Jade Belt Beach is generally transported in toward the southwest. It is recommended that the future construction of wind and sand fixation systems for related infrastructure in this area should consider the direction of protective forests and other engineering measures, which should be perpendicular to the net sediment transport direction.
When the measured data from the sand accumulation instrument in the study area from 2020 to 2024 were used for a statistical analysis, the results showed that the total sediment transport rate in the study area was 39.97 kg/m·a, with the maximum sediment transport rate in the S direction being 17.74 kg/m·a. The sediment transport rate was consistent with the drift potential.
Typhoons play an important role in the evolution of coastal sandy land in the region. Although the sand-blowing wind frequency of sandstorms is relatively low during typhoon months, typhoons have extremely fast wind speeds and high drift potential, which is of great significance for the evolution of coastal sandy lands.
This study contributes to enriching and expanding the research on coastal sandy lands, as well as developing the evolution theory of sandy coastal lands in river estuaries and methods for sandy land protection. In the research process, we found that typhoons play an extremely important role in shaping coastal sandy land, the mechanisms of which lack deep research. In the future, we will focus on studying the characteristics of the typhoon wind field and the evolution of coastal sandy land after typhoons.

Author Contributions

S.Z. designed the experiments. S.Z., Z.Z. and P.Q. conducted the experiments. S.Z. analyzed the experimental data and wrote the manuscript. J.Q. reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (421RC1150) (423MS038) and the specific research fund of The Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province (YSPTZX202128).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Figure 1. The study site is located in the northeast of Hainan Island, China, at geographical coordinates of 19°6′ N, 110°32′ E (a). The ground features of the study area (b).
Figure 1. The study site is located in the northeast of Hainan Island, China, at geographical coordinates of 19°6′ N, 110°32′ E (a). The ground features of the study area (b).
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Figure 2. Inter-monthly variations in sand-driving wind speed at Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
Figure 2. Inter-monthly variations in sand-driving wind speed at Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
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Figure 3. The distribution of the frequency of sand-driving wind throughout the year at Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
Figure 3. The distribution of the frequency of sand-driving wind throughout the year at Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
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Figure 4. The frequency of sand-driving wind at Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
Figure 4. The frequency of sand-driving wind at Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
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Figure 5. Monthly distributions of the frequency of sand-driving wind at Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
Figure 5. Monthly distributions of the frequency of sand-driving wind at Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
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Figure 6. Annual drift potential at Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
Figure 6. Annual drift potential at Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
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Figure 7. Monthly drift potential on Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
Figure 7. Monthly drift potential on Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
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Figure 8. Annual sediment transport rates at Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
Figure 8. Annual sediment transport rates at Boao Jade Belt Beach (2020–2024).
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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhong, S.; Qu, J.; Zhao, Z.; Qiu, P. The Characteristics of the Aeolian Environment in the Coastal Sandy Land of Boao Jade Belt Beach, Hainan Island. Atmosphere 2025, 16, 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070845

AMA Style

Zhong S, Qu J, Zhao Z, Qiu P. The Characteristics of the Aeolian Environment in the Coastal Sandy Land of Boao Jade Belt Beach, Hainan Island. Atmosphere. 2025; 16(7):845. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070845

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhong, Shuai, Jianjun Qu, Zhizhong Zhao, and Penghua Qiu. 2025. "The Characteristics of the Aeolian Environment in the Coastal Sandy Land of Boao Jade Belt Beach, Hainan Island" Atmosphere 16, no. 7: 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070845

APA Style

Zhong, S., Qu, J., Zhao, Z., & Qiu, P. (2025). The Characteristics of the Aeolian Environment in the Coastal Sandy Land of Boao Jade Belt Beach, Hainan Island. Atmosphere, 16(7), 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070845

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