Apportionment of Chemical Components and Sources of PM2.5 in Shihezi City of Xinjiang, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Analysis Methods
2.3. Source Apportionment Receptor Model
2.4. HYSPLIT Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristicsof PM2.5 Mass Concentration
3.2. Mass Concentration Characteristics of Chemical Components in PM2.5
3.2.1. Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions
3.2.2. Organic Carbon and Elemental Carbon
3.2.3. Inorganic Elements
3.3. Source Apportionment by PMF
3.4. Backward Trajectory Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shihezi | Baoshan [26] | Huanggang [33] | Kunming [34] | Wenshan [35] | Guiyang [36] | Beijing [37] | Tianjing [37] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 2020–2021 | 2016 | 2018 | 2013 | 2016 | 2017 | 2009 | 2009 |
Season | Winter | Wet and Dry Season | Winter | Spring | Spring and Autumn | Autumn | Four Seasons | Four Seasons |
PM2.5 | 164.69 ± 76.48 | 23.17 ± 12.32 | 110.40 ± 45.9 | - | 44.85 ± 10.99 | 27.12 | 123.45 ± 71.59 | 141.47 ± 78.03 |
Na+ | 1.54 ± 0.7 | 0.33 ± 0.25 | 1.10 ± 0.50 | - | - | 0.07 | 0.53 ± 0.45 | 0.63 ± 0.30 |
NH4+ | 24.88 ± 12.1 | 0.95 ± 0.48 | 13.0 ± 6.90 | 0.52 | 2.81 ± 1.16 | 2.56 | 6.37 ± 3.91 | 7.64 ± 4.27 |
K+ | 0.27 ± 0.13 | 0.42 ± 0.28 | 0.20 ± 0.10 | 0.77 | 0.63 ± 0.24 | 0.37 | 1.68 ± 1.29 | 2.08 ± 1.36 |
Mg2+ | 0.17 ± 0.14 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.90 ± 0.30 | 0.3 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.18 ± 0.11 | 0.23 ± 0.13 |
Ca2+ | 1.63 ± 0.99 | 1.17 ± 0.35 | 0.60 ± 0.30 | 2.83 | 1.04 ± 0.5 | 1.98 | 1.55 ± 1.38 | 1.79 ± 1.44 |
F− | 0.59 ± 0.47 | 0.19 ± 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.54 | 0.19 ± 0.07 | 0.03 | - | - |
Cl− | 5.27 ± 3.84 | 0.34 ± 0.23 | 2.70 ± 1.20 | 0.72 | 0.31 ± 0.109 | 0.16 | 2.92 ± 3.46 | 8.14 ± 6.10 |
SO42− | 42.47 ± 22.96 | 1.42 ± 0.69 | 15.0 ± 7.30 | 9.72 | 5.98 ± 2.07 | 8.53 | 19.07 ± 16.36 | 24.97 ± 22.59 |
NO3− | 29.85 ± 13.36 | 0.73 ± 0.31 | 30.8 ± 15.7 | 0.51 | 1.00 ± 0.40 | 2.21 | 20.47 ± 18.07 | 18.83 ± 15.77 |
NO3−/SO42− | 0.70 | 0.51 | 2.05 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 1.07 | 0.75 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trajectory proportion | 25.20% | 13.34% | 8.69% | 29.18% | 9.70% | 13.88% |
PM2.5 mean concentration | 158.73 | 167.90 | 175.67 | 160.39 | 98.86 | 218.90 |
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Zhong, Y.; He, Y.; Li, X.; Li, S.; Ayitken, M.; Liu, X. Apportionment of Chemical Components and Sources of PM2.5 in Shihezi City of Xinjiang, China. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040703
Zhong Y, He Y, Li X, Li S, Ayitken M, Liu X. Apportionment of Chemical Components and Sources of PM2.5 in Shihezi City of Xinjiang, China. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(4):703. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040703
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhong, Yuting, Youjiang He, Xia Li, Shuting Li, Maulen Ayitken, and Xinchun Liu. 2023. "Apportionment of Chemical Components and Sources of PM2.5 in Shihezi City of Xinjiang, China" Atmosphere 14, no. 4: 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040703