Analysis of Regional Changes in Geodetic Mass Balance for All Caucasus Glaciers over the Past Two Decades
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (i)
- analyze the behavior of glaciers in the Greater Caucasus separately from the Middle East;
- (ii)
- estimate changes in surface elevation and geodetic mass balance for all Caucasus glaciers over the past two decades according to river basins and analyze these changes on sub-regional (e.g., western vs. eastern; northern vs. southern) and individual glaciers (e.g., debris-covered vs. debris-free);
- (iii)
- compare this data with those from local existing ground-based and geodetic mass balance measurements along with local climate observations from high-mountain meteorological stations.
2. Study Area
3. Data and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Mass Balance and Thickness Change for the Entire Region
4.2. Comparison with Previous Observations
4.3. Temperature and Precipitation Change
5. Discussion
5.1. Causes of Regional Change
5.2. Glacier Mass Change Relative to Aspect and Size Class
5.3. Debris-Covered and Debris-Free Glaciers
5.4. Difference between the Global and Local Studies
5.5. Glacier Mass Balance Relative to Local Climate Change
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Main River Basin | Tributary River Basin | Based on Landsat 2014 (Tielidze and Wheate, 2018) [21] | Change of Glacier Thickness (m a−1) Hugonnet et al. (2021) [3] | Change in Glacier Surface Mass Balance (m w.e. a−1) Hugonnet et al. (2021) [3] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Area km2 | 2000–2010 | 2010–2019 | 2000–2019 | 2000–2010 | 2010–2019 | 2000–2019 | ||
Mzimta | 10 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | −0.43 ± 0.88 | −1.35 ± 1.03 | −0.89 ± 0.52 | −0.37 ± 0.79 | −1.15 ± 0.97 | −0.76 ± 0.53 | |
Kuban | Belaya | 41 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | −1.05 ± 1.04 | −1.01 ± 1.06 | −1.03 ± 0.57 | −0.89 ± 1.05 | −0.86 ± 1.04 | −0.88 ± 0.67 |
Malaya Laba | 34 | 7.4 ± 0.5 | −0.73 ± 0.88 | −1.12 ± 1.02 | −0.93 ± 0.52 | −0.62 ± 0.83 | −0.96 ± 0.97 | −0.79 ± 0.57 | |
Bolshaya Laba | 27 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | −1.57 ± 1.10 | −1.04 ± 1.34 | −1.30 ± 0.67 | −1.34 ± 1.20 | −0.88 ± 1.31 | −1.11 ± 0.84 | |
Bolshoy Zelenchuk | 59 | 24.6 ± 1.3 | −1.12 ± 0.94 | −0.94 ± 1.11 | −1.03 ± 0.56 | −0.95 ± 0.89 | −0.80 ± 1.02 | −0.88 ± 0.59 | |
Maliy Zelenchuk | 42 | 24.5 ± 1.1 | −0.70 ± 0.67 | −0.96 ± 0.73 | −0.83 ± 0.38 | −0.59 ± 0.62 | −0.81 ± 0.69 | −0.70 ± 0.40 | |
Teberda | 89 | 52.9 ± 2.5 | −0.47 ± 0.59 | −0.90 ± 0.64 | −0.68 ± 0.34 | −0.40 ± 0.53 | −0.77 ± 0.60 | −0.58 ± 0.34 | |
Daut | 23 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | −0.49 ± 0.59 | −0.77 ± 0.65 | −0.63 ± 0.34 | −0.42 ± 0.54 | −0.65 ± 0.61 | −0.54 ± 0.35 | |
Uchkulan | 68 | 19.1 ± 1.4 | −0.38 ± 0.58 | −0.99 ± 0.63 | −0.68 ± 0.33 | −0.32 ± 0.51 | −0.84 ± 0.61 | −0.58 ± 0.35 | |
Ullukam | 93 | 42.8 ± 2.2 | −0.38 ± 0.57 | −0.69 ± 0.59 | −0.53 ± 0.32 | −0.32 ± 0.50 | −0.59 ± 0.55 | −0.45 ± 0.31 | |
Malka | 12 | 52.2 ± 0.8 | −0.38 ± 0.50 | −0.45 ± 0.50 | −0.42 ± 0.27 | −0.33 ± 0.44 | −0.39 ± 0.45 | −0.36 ± 0.26 | |
Baksan | 147 | 146.2 ± 6.0 | −0.51 ± 0.57 | −0.74 ± 0.56 | −0.62 ± 0.30 | −0.44 ± 0.52 | −0.63 ± 0.52 | −0.53 ± 0.31 | |
Chegem | Bashil-Auzusu | 30 | 25.3 ± 1.0 | −0.39 ± 0.64 | −0.90 ± 0.61 | −0.65 ± 0.33 | −0.34 ± 0.56 | −0.77 ± 0.57 | −0.55 ± 0.33 |
Gara-Auzusu | 15 | 24.6 ± 0.9 | −0.30 ± 0.55 | −0.65 ± 0.55 | −0.47 ± 0.30 | −0.26 ± 0.48 | −0.55 ± 0.49 | −0.40 ± 0.28 | |
Bulungu | 8 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 0.04 ± 0.82 | −0.90 ± 0.94 | −0.43 ± 0.49 | 0.04 ± 0.74 | −0.77 ± 0.90 | −0.37 ± 0.48 | |
Cherek | Cherek-Bezingskiy | 38 | 72.9 ± 2.2 | −0.24 ± 0.70 | −0.51 ± 0.77 | −0.37 ± 0.41 | −0.21 ± 0.61 | −0.43 ± 0.71 | −0.32 ± 0.39 |
Cherek-Balkarskiy | 80 | 96.5 ± 3.5 | −0.51 ± 0.65 | −0.47 ± 0.68 | −0.49 ± 0.37 | −0.43 ± 0.59 | −0.40 ± 0.60 | −0.42 ± 0.36 | |
Psigansy | 11 | 12.7 ± 0.6 | −0.56 ± 0.73 | −0.61 ± 0.75 | −0.59 ± 0.35 | −0.48 ± 0.66 | −0.52 ± 0.67 | −0.50 ± 0.36 | |
Urukh | Khanzidon | 10 | 6.2 ± 0.4 | −0.33 ± 0.70 | −0.42 ± 0.74 | −0.38 ± 0.38 | −0.28 ± 0.66 | −0.36 ± 0.73 | −0.32 ± 0.40 |
Biliagikom | 5 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | −0.88 ± 0.74 | −1.11 ± 0.76 | −1.00 ± 0.41 | −0.75 ± 0.67 | −0.94 ± 0.70 | −0.85 ± 0.42 | |
Urukh headwaters | 31 | 25.0 ± 1.2 | −0.54 ± 0.65 | −0.59 ± 0.64 | −0.57 ± 0.34 | −0.46 ± 0.58 | −0.50 ± 0.57 | −0.48 ± 0.32 | |
Karaugom | 29 | 41.7 ± 1.4 | −0.76 ± 0.72 | −0.45 ± 0.71 | −0.61 ± 0.39 | −0.65 ± 0.67 | −0.38 ± 0.62 | −0.51 ± 0.38 | |
Aigamuga | 20 | 14.7 ± 0.8 | −0.49 ± 0.79 | −0.41 ± 0.79 | −0.45 ± 0.42 | −0.42 ± 0.71 | −0.35 ± 0.70 | −0.38 ± 0.41 | |
Ardon | Tseyadon | 20 | 16.8 ± 0.6 | −0.49 ± 0.92 | −0.43 ± 0.88 | −0.46 ± 0.48 | −0.42 ± 0.81 | −0.36 ± 0.77 | −0.39 ± 0.44 |
Sidan | 1 | 0.03 ± 0.004 | −0.07 ± 1.50 | −0.74 ± 1.47 | −0.41 ± 0.80 | −0.06 ± 1.28 | −0.63 ± 1.31 | −0.35 ± 0.71 | |
Vilsa | 4 | 0.9 ± 0.08 | −0.79 ± 0.76 | −0.71 ± 0.72 | −0.75 ± 0.40 | −0.67 ± 0.71 | −0.61 ± 0.68 | −0.64 ± 0.44 | |
Adaikom | 7 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | −0.33 ± 0.64 | −0.79 ± 0.60 | −0.56 ± 0.33 | −0.28 ± 0.56 | −0.67 ± 0.56 | −0.47 ± 0.32 | |
Mamikhdon | 15 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | −0.82 ± 0.68 | −0.79 ± 0.66 | −0.81 ± 0.36 | −0.70 ± 0.67 | −0.67 ± 0.60 | −0.69 ± 0.38 | |
Nar | 10 | 1.5 ± 0.07 | −0.24 ± 0.66 | −0.67 ± 0.62 | −0.45 ± 0.34 | −0.20 ± 0.61 | −0.57 ± 0.59 | −0.38 ± 0.36 | |
Kasaidon | 2 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | −0.71 ± 0.91 | −0.39 ± 0.87 | −0.55 ± 0.47 | −0.60 ± 0.81 | −0.33 ± 0.76 | −0.47 ± 0.44 | |
Labagkomdon | 1 | 0.06 ± 0.008 | 0.51 ± 1.01 | −0.48 ± 0.93 | 0.02 ± 0.52 | 0.43 ± 0.87 | −0.41 ± 0.81 | 0.01 ± 0.44 | |
Baddon | 8 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | −0.66 ± 0.71 | −0.45 ± 0.68 | −0.55 ± 0.37 | −0.56 ± 0.63 | −0.38 ± 0.61 | −0.47 ± 0.36 | |
Arkhondon | 4 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | −0.95 ± 0.54 | −0.63 ± 0.52 | −0.79 ± 0.29 | −0.81 ± 0.49 | −0.54 ± 0.46 | −0.67 ± 0.28 | |
Fiagdon | 25 | 6.2 ± 0.6 | −0.23 ± 0.66 | −0.50 ± 0.65 | −0.36 ± 0.35 | −0.20 ± 0.59 | −0.42 ± 0.59 | −0.31 ± 0.34 | |
Gizeldon | 24 | 25.2 ± 1.0 | −0.46 ± 0.56 | −0.43 ± 0.55 | −0.44 ± 0.30 | −0.39 ± 0.50 | −0.36 ± 0.50 | −0.38 ± 0.28 | |
Tergi (Terek) headwaters | 94 | 42.7 ± 3.0 | −0.04 ± 0.68 | −0.64 ± 0.70 | −0.34 ± 0.37 | −0.03 ± 0.60 | −0.54 ± 0.65 | −0.29 ± 0.36 | |
Sunja right tributaries | Assa | 10 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | −0.13 ± 0.64 | −0.35 ± 0.68 | −0.24 ± 0.36 | −0.11 ± 0.56 | −0.30 ± 0.59 | −0.20 ± 0.31 |
Arghuni | 18 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | −0.10 ± 0.66 | −0.55 ± 0.67 | −0.33 ± 0.36 | −0.08 ± 0.58 | −0.47 ± 0.60 | −0.28 ± 0.33 | |
Sharo Argun | 31 | 15.7 ± 0.8 | −0.57 ± 0.83 | −0.64 ± 0.82 | −0.61 ± 0.43 | −0.49 ± 0.75 | −0.54 ± 0.73 | −0.52 ± 0.41 | |
Sulak | Andiyskoye Koysu | 35 | 11.8 ± 0.6 | −0.70 ± 0.68 | −0.68 ± 0.66 | −0.69 ± 0.35 | −0.60 ± 0.70 | −0.58 ± 0.60 | −0.59 ± 0.39 |
Avarskoye Koysu | 34 | 5.9 ± 0.4 | −0.53 ± 0.76 | −0.54 ± 0.79 | −0.53 ± 0.42 | −0.45 ± 0.69 | −0.46 ± 0.72 | −0.45 ± 0.41 | |
Samur | 13 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | −0.19 ± 0.54 | −0.71 ± 0.55 | −0.45 ± 0.30 | −0.16 ± 0.47 | −0.60 ± 0.51 | −0.38 ± 0.28 | |
Kusarchai | 14 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | −0.21 ± 0.62 | −0.34 ± 0.59 | −0.28 ± 0.32 | −0.18 ± 0.54 | −0.29 ± 0.55 | −0.24 ± 0.30 | |
Bzipi | 16 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | −1.07 ± 0.73 | −0.22 ± 0.86 | −0.65 ± 0.44 | −0.91 ± 0.73 | −0.19 ± 0.81 | −0.55 ± 0.45 | |
Kelasuri | 2 | 0.9 ± 0.06 | −1.04 ± 0.69 | −1.11 ± 0.90 | −1.07 ± 0.45 | −0.89 ± 0.62 | −0.94 ± 0.85 | −0.91 ± 0.47 | |
Kodori | 154 | 42.0 ± 2.6 | −046 ± 0.60 | −0.96 ± 0.68 | −0.71 ± 0.36 | −0.39 ± 0.54 | −0.81 ± 0.67 | −0.60 ± 0.37 | |
Enguri | 289 | 223.6 ± 8.8 | −0.31 ± 0.60 | −0.84 ± 0.60 | −0.57 ± 0.32 | −0.26 ± 0.53 | −0.71 ± 0.58 | −0.49 ± 0.33 | |
Khobistkali | 11 | 0.6 ± 0.08 | −1.08 ± 0.97 | −0.71 ± 0.97 | −0.89 ± 0.52 | −0.92 ± 0.97 | −0.60 ± 0.89 | −0.76 ± 0.57 | |
Rioni | 117 | 50.6 ± 2.3 | −0.64 ± 0.71 | −0.61 ± 0.73 | −0.62 ± 0.39 | −0.54 ± 0.67 | −0.52 ± 0.66 | −0.53 ± 0.39 | |
Liakhvi | 12 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | −0.22 ± 0.72 | −0.76 ± 0.69 | −0.49 ± 0.38 | −0.18 ± 0.62 | −0.65 ± 0.65 | −0.42 ± 0.37 | |
Aragvi | 1 | 0.3 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.47 | −0.56 ± 0.49 | −0.25 ± 0.26 | 0.05 ± 0.40 | −0.47 ± 0.43 | −0.21 ± 0.23 | |
Total, Greater Caucasus | 1861 | 1186.1 ± 53.3 | −0.50 ± 0.67 | −0.75 ± 0.70 | −0.62 ± 0.37 | −0.42 ± 0.61 | −0.64 ± 0.66 | −0.53 ± 0.38 |
Countries | Based on Landsat 2014 (Tielidze and Wheate, 2018) [21] | Change of Glacier Thickness (m a−1) Hugonnet et al. (2021) [3] | Change in Glacier Surface Mass Balance (m w.e. a−1) Hugonnet et al. (2021) [3] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Area km2 | 2000–2010 | 2010–2019 | 2000–2019 | 2000–2010 | 2010–2019 | 2000–2019 | |
Russia | 1161 | 817.8 ± 35.1 | −0.55 ± 0.70 | −0.74 ± 0.73 | −0.65 ± 0.38 | −0.47 ± 0.63 | −0.63 ± 0.67 | −0.55 ± 0.39 |
Georgia | 683 | 367.1 ± 16.8 | −0.41 ± 0.64 | −0.77 ± 0.67 | −0.60 ± 0.36 | −0.35 ± 0.58 | −0.66 ± 0.64 | −0.51 ± 0.36 |
Azerbaijan | 17 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | −0.17 ± 0.61 | −0.37 ± 0.58 | −0.27 ± 0.31 | −0.14 ± 0.53 | −0.31 ± 0.53 | −0.23 ± 0.29 |
Glacier Name | GLIMS_id | Area (km2) | Change of Glacier Thickness (m a−1) Hugonnet et al. (2021) [3] | Change in Glacier Surface Mass Balance (m w.e. a−1) Hugonnet et al. (2021) [3] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000–2010 | 2010–2019 | 2000–2019 | 2000–2010 | 2010–2019 | 2000–2019 | |||
Glaciers with >10 km2 Area | ||||||||
Bezingi | G043100E43030N | 37.49 | −0.22 ± 0.26 | −0.78 ± 0.24 | −0.50 ± 0.14 | −0.19 ± 0.22 | −0.67 ± 0.21 | −0.43 ± 0.12 |
Dykhsu | G043183E42984N | 27.53 | −0.48 ± 0.27 | −0.76 ± 0.26 | −0.62 ± 0.15 | −0.41 ± 0.23 | −0.65 ± 0.23 | −0.53 ± 0.14 |
Karaugom | G043748E42782N | 23.99 | −0.28 ± 0.28 | −0.69 ± 0.26 | −0.49 ± 0.15 | −0.24 ± 0.24 | −0.59 ± 0.23 | −0.41 ± 0.14 |
Lekhziri | G042766E43151N | 23.77 | −0.46 ± 0.26 | −1.44 ± 0.22 | −0.95 ± 0.13 | −0.39 ± 0.23 | −1.22 ± 0.23 | −0.81 ± 0.14 |
Dzhikiugankez | G042506E43356N | 21.44 | −1.01 ± 0.23 | −1.45 ± 0.22 | −1.23 ± 0.12 | −0.86 ± 0.21 | −1.23 ± 0.21 | −1.04 ± 0.13 |
Agashtan | G043291E42928N | 18.94 | −1.04 ± 0.28 | −1.02 ± 0.31 | −1.03 ± 0.18 | −0.89 ± 0.25 | −0.86 ± 0.28 | −0.88 ± 0.17 |
Azay Bolshoy | G042429E43293N | 17.72 | −0.39 ± 0.24 | −0.69 ± 0.23 | −0.54 ± 0.13 | −0.33 ± 0.21 | −0.59 ± 0.21 | −0.46 ± 0.11 |
Ulluchiran | G042432E43372N | 12.79 | −0.08 ± 0.25 | −0.29 ± 0.23 | −0.19 ± 0.13 | −0.07 ± 0.21 | −0.25 ± 0.20 | −0.16 ± 0.11 |
Midjirgi | G043165E43066N | 12.74 | −0.05 ± 0.30 | −0.35 ± 0.33 | −0.20 ± 0.18 | −0.04 ± 0.26 | −0.30 ± 0.28 | −0.17 ± 0.15 |
Tsaneri Southern | G042999E43050N | 12.32 | −0.51 ± 0.29 | −0.67 ± 0.29 | −0.59 ± 0.16 | −0.43 ± 0.25 | −0.57 ± 0.26 | −0.50 ± 0.15 |
Tseya | G043844E42752N | 11.87 | −0.21 ± 0.31 | −1.04 ± 0.28 | −0.63 ± 0.17 | −0.18 ± 0.26 | −0.89 ± 0.26 | −0.53 ± 0.15 |
Tsaneri Northern | G043005E43089N | 11.28 | −0.46 ± 0.29 | −0.45 ± 0.26 | −0.46 ± 0.14 | −0.39 ± 0.25 | −0.38 ± 0.22 | −0.39 ± 0.13 |
Irik | G042501E43334N | 10.97 | −0.34 ± 0.26 | −0.75 ± 0.25 | −0.54 ± 0.13 | −0.29 ± 0.22 | −0.63 ± 0.22 | −0.46 ± 0.12 |
Glaciers with 5–10 km2 area | ||||||||
Shaurty | G043051E43105N | 9.89 | −0.37 ± 0.29 | −0.80 ± 0.26 | −0.58 ± 0.15 | −0.31 ± 0.25 | −0.68 ± 0.24 | −0.49 ± 0.14 |
Adishi | G043016E43017N | 9.59 | −0.07 ± 0.34 | 0.32 ± 0.33 | 0.12 ± 0.18 | −0.06 ± 0.29 | 0.27 ± 0.28 | 0.10 ± 0.15 |
Kvitlodi | G042950E43105N | 9.58 | −0.10 ± 0.29 | −0.88 ± 0.30 | −0.49 ± 0.17 | −0.08 ± 0.25 | −0.75 ± 0.27 | −0.42 ± 0.15 |
Terskol | G042488E43308N | 9.48 | −0.12 ± 0.26 | −0.21 ± 0.25 | −0.17 ± 0.14 | −0.11 ± 0.23 | −0.17 ± 0.21 | −0.14 ± 0.12 |
Azay Maliy | G042449E43302N | 9.45 | 0.00 ± 0.27 | −0.22 ± 0.26 | −0.11 ± 0.14 | 0.00 ± 0.23 | −0.19 ± 0.22 | −0.09 ± 0.12 |
Chalaati | G042713E43130N | 9.24 | −0.01 ± 0.28 | −1.09 ± 0.27 | −0.55 ± 0.15 | −0.01 ± 0.24 | −0.92 ± 0.25 | −0.47 ± 0.13 |
Suatisi_Eastern | G044443E42706N | 8.89 | −0.11 ± 0.30 | −0.86 ± 0.29 | −0.48 ± 0.16 | −0.09 ± 0.26 | −0.73 ± 0.26 | −0.41 ± 0.14 |
Khalde | G043043E42994N | 8.59 | −0.37 ± 0.31 | 0.11 ± 0.32 | −0.13 ± 0.17 | −0.31 ± 0.27 | 0.09 ± 0.27 | −0.11 ± 0.15 |
Shkhelda | G042663E43151N | 8.28 | −0.44 ± 0.29 | −1.13 ± 0.27 | −0.79 ± 0.15 | −0.38 ± 0.25 | −0.96 ± 0.26 | −0.67 ± 0.15 |
Midagrabin | G044390E42722N | 8.16 | −0.53 ± 0.31 | −1.14 ± 0.28 | −0.83 ± 0.16 | −0.45 ± 0.27 | −0.97 ± 0.26 | −0.71 ± 0.15 |
Ullauzna | G043238E43064N | 7.53 | −0.09 ± 0.31 | −0.27 ± 0.36 | −0.18 ± 0.19 | −0.08 ± 0.26 | −0.23 ± 0.30 | −0.16 ± 0.17 |
Bashil | G042901E43169N | 7.35 | −0.25 ± 0.31 | −1.09 ± 0.28 | −0.67 ± 0.16 | −0.21 ± 0.27 | −0.93 ± 0.25 | −0.57 ± 0.14 |
Kvishi | G042497E43168N | 7.33 | 0.04 ± 0.28 | −1.03 ± 0.28 | −0.50 ± 0.15 | 0.03 ± 0.24 | −0.88 ± 0.26 | −0.42 ± 0.13 |
Hrumkol | G043202E43023N | 7.01 | 0.04 ± 0.30 | −0.50 ± 0.32 | −0.23 ± 0.18 | 0.03 ± 0.26 | −0.42 ± 0.28 | −0.20 ± 0.15 |
Mikelchiran | G042487E43376N | 6.85 | −0.15 ± 0.27 | −0.44 ± 0.25 | −0.30 ± 0.14 | −0.13 ± 0.23 | −0.38 ± 0.21 | −0.25 ± 0.12 |
Psigansu | G043482E42972N | 6.76 | −0.26 ± 0.31 | −0.90 ± 0.30 | −0.58 ± 0.17 | −0.22 ± 0.26 | −0.77 ± 0.27 | −0.49 ± 0.16 |
Maili | G044477E42719N | 6.57 | −0.19 ± 0.31 | −0.44 ± 0.30 | −0.31 ± 0.16 | −0.16 ± 0.27 | −0.38 ± 0.25 | −0.27 ± 0.14 |
Djalovchatskiy | G041493E43296N | 6.42 | −1.07 ± 0.28 | −2.01 ± 0.27 | −1.54 ± 0.14 | −0.91 ± 0.26 | −1.71 ± 0.30 | −1.31 ± 0.19 |
Bartuitsete | G043638E42825N | 6.30 | −0.65 ± 0.32 | −0.81 ± 0.30 | −0.73 ± 0.17 | −0.56 ± 0.28 | −0.68 ± 0.27 | −0.62 ± 0.16 |
Lekhziri Central | G042751E43175N | 6.27 | 0.09 ± 0.32 | −0.88 ± 0.29 | −0.39 ± 0.16 | 0.08 ± 0.27 | −0.74 ± 0.26 | −0.33 ± 0.14 |
Kulakchegemchiran | G042967E43132N | 6.00 | −0.41 ± 0.35 | −1.12 ± 0.32 | −0.77 ± 0.18 | −0.35 ± 0.30 | −0.95 ± 0.30 | −0.65 ± 0.17 |
Karachaul | G042453E43381N | 5.94 | −0.07 ± 0.28 | −0.30 ± 0.26 | −0.19 ± 0.14 | −0.06 ± 0.23 | −0.26 ± 0.22 | −0.16 ± 0.12 |
Gergeti | G044499E42692N | 5.77 | −0.03 ± 0.32 | −0.65 ± 0.30 | −0.34 ± 0.16 | −0.03 ± 0.27 | −0.55 ± 0.26 | −0.29 ± 0.14 |
Alibekskiy | G041523E43281N | 5.73 | −1.12 ± 0.28 | −1.30 ± 0.28 | −1.21 ± 0.14 | −0.95 ± 0.26 | −1.10 ± 0.27 | −1.03 ± 0.16 |
Kyukyurtlyu | G042404E43354N | 5.69 | 0.07 ± 0.28 | −0.24 ± 0.27 | −0.08 ± 0.15 | 0.06 ± 0.24 | −0.20 ± 0.23 | −0.07 ± 0.13 |
Songutidontsete | G043809E42798N | 5.66 | −0.55 ± 0.34 | −0.84 ± 0.32 | −0.69 ± 0.18 | −0.46 ± 0.30 | −0.71 ± 0.29 | −0.59 ± 0.17 |
Dolra | G042522E43171N | 5.36 | 0.03 ± 0.29 | −1.12 ± 0.30 | −0.55 ± 0.16 | 0.02 ± 0.25 | −0.95 ± 0.27 | −0.47 ± 0.14 |
Ullukol | G042464E43376N | 5.35 | −0.14 ± 0.28 | −0.37 ± 0.26 | −0.26 ± 0.14 | −0.12 ± 0.24 | −0.32 ± 0.22 | −0.22 ± 0.12 |
493v | G042811E43183N | 5.32 | −0.42 ± 0.34 | −0.86 ± 0.31 | −0.64 ± 0.17 | −0.35 ± 0.29 | −0.73 ± 0.28 | −0.54 ± 0.16 |
Glaciers with 2–5 km2 area | ||||||||
Ushba Southern | G042633E43131N | 4.72 | −0.43 ± 0.33 | −1.09 ± 0.32 | −0.76 ± 0.17 | −0.36 ± 0.28 | −0.92 ± 0.29 | −0.64 ± 0.16 |
Seri | G042838E43120N | 4.65 | −0.25 ± 0.34 | −1.17 ± 0.32 | −0.71 ± 0.18 | −0.22 ± 0.29 | −1.00 ± 0.30 | −0.61 ± 0.17 |
Amanauz | G041626E43230N | 4.63 | −0.75 ± 0.29 | −1.46 ± 0.29 | −1.10 ± 0.15 | −0.63 ± 0.26 | −1.24 ± 0.29 | −0.94 ± 0.17 |
Boko | G043719E42767N | 4.62 | −0.03 ± 0.34 | −0.60 ± 0.33 | −0.31 ± 0.19 | −0.03 ± 0.29 | −0.51 ± 0.28 | −0.27 ± 0.16 |
Nageba | G042959E43036N | 4.60 | −0.16 ± 0.32 | −0.24 ± 0.33 | −0.20 ± 0.18 | −0.14 ± 0.27 | −0.21 ± 0.28 | −0.17 ± 0.16 |
Kirtisho | G043596E42832N | 4.51 | −0.71 ± 0.33 | −0.97 ± 0.31 | −0.84 ± 0.18 | −0.60 ± 0.29 | −0.82 ± 0.28 | −0.71 ± 0.17 |
Devdoraki | G044517E42715N | 4.41 | 0.03 ± 0.32 | −0.30 ± 0.30 | −0.13 ± 0.16 | 0.02 ± 0.28 | −0.25 ± 0.26 | −0.11 ± 0.14 |
Tviberi | G042838E43099N | 4.33 | −0.30 ± 0.32 | −1.46 ± 0.31 | −0.88 ± 0.18 | −0.26 ± 0.27 | −1.24 ± 0.31 | −0.75 ± 0.18 |
Bashkara | G042734E43194N | 4.05 | −0.48 ± 0.35 | −1.02 ± 0.33 | −0.75 ± 0.18 | −0.41 ± 0.31 | −0.87 ± 0.30 | −0.64 ± 0.18 |
Sopruju Southern | G041572E43240N | 3.96 | −0.32 ± 0.29 | −1.09 ± 0.29 | −0.70 ± 0.14 | −0.27 ± 0.25 | −0.92 ± 0.27 | −0.60 ± 0.14 |
Belalakaiskiy | G041561E43266N | 3.88 | −0.74 ± 0.30 | −1.52 ± 0.29 | −1.13 ± 0.15 | −0.63 ± 0.26 | −1.29 ± 0.30 | −0.96 ± 0.18 |
Tanantsete | G043500E42888N | 3.88 | −0.53 ± 0.34 | −0.23 ± 0.34 | −0.38 ± 0.19 | −0.45 ± 0.29 | −0.20 ± 0.29 | −0.32 ± 0.16 |
Djailik | G042922E43239N | 3.86 | −0.49 ± 0.38 | −0.73 ± 0.35 | −0.61 ± 0.19 | −0.42 ± 0.32 | −0.62 ± 0.30 | −0.52 ± 0.17 |
Sugan | G043454E42991N | 3.84 | −0.42 ± 0.33 | −0.76 ± 0.32 | −0.59 ± 0.18 | −0.36 ± 0.29 | −0.65 ± 0.28 | −0.50 ± 0.16 |
Tyutyun | G043249E43041N | 3.79 | −0.41 ± 0.35 | −0.76 ± 0.41 | −0.59 ± 0.22 | −0.35 ± 0.30 | −0.65 ± 0.36 | −0.50 ± 0.20 |
Laila | G042534E42928N | 3.73 | −0.08 ± 0.30 | −1.12 ± 0.29 | −0.60 ± 0.16 | −0.07 ± 0.26 | −0.95 ± 0.27 | −0.51 ± 0.14 |
Zaramag | G043845E42727N | 3.67 | −0.61 ± 0.36 | −0.80 ± 0.33 | −0.70 ± 0.19 | −0.51 ± 0.31 | −0.68 ± 0.29 | −0.60 ± 0.18 |
Edena Bigger | G043380E42886N | 3.66 | −0.52 ± 0.33 | −0.86 ± 0.31 | −0.69 ± 0.18 | −0.44 ± 0.29 | −0.73 ± 0.28 | −0.59 ± 0.17 |
Shkhara | G043106E42983N | 3.61 | −0.54 ± 0.37 | −0.08 ± 0.37 | −0.31 ± 0.20 | −0.46 ± 0.32 | −0.07 ± 0.32 | −0.26 ± 0.17 |
Tanantsete | G043521E42874N | 3.55 | −0.80 ± 0.35 | −0.83 ± 0.34 | −0.81 ± 0.19 | −0.68 ± 0.31 | −0.70 ± 0.30 | −0.69 ± 0.18 |
Gerti | G043276E43053N | 3.50 | −0.83 ± 0.34 | −0.53 ± 0.40 | −0.68 ± 0.22 | −0.70 ± 0.30 | −0.45 ± 0.35 | −0.58 ± 0.19 |
Leadashti Northern | G042479E43178N | 3.46 | −0.17 ± 0.30 | −1.08 ± 0.30 | −0.63 ± 0.16 | −0.15 ± 0.26 | −0.92 ± 0.27 | −0.53 ± 0.14 |
Khasautskiy | G041439E43313N | 3.32 | −0.95 ± 0.40 | −1.47 ± 0.39 | −1.21 ± 0.19 | −0.81 ± 0.35 | −1.25 ± 0.35 | −1.03 ± 0.20 |
Shtulu Western | G043371E42899N | 3.30 | −0.79 ± 0.34 | −0.81 ± 0.32 | −0.80 ± 0.18 | −0.67 ± 0.30 | −0.69 ± 0.28 | −0.68 ± 0.18 |
Buba | G043762E42752N | 3.26 | −0.72 ± 0.36 | −0.59 ± 0.33 | −0.65 ± 0.19 | −0.61 ± 0.32 | −0.50 ± 0.29 | −0.55 ± 0.18 |
Mostotsete | G043421E42899N | 3.24 | −1.09 ± 0.34 | −1.07 ± 0.33 | −1.08 ± 0.19 | −0.93 ± 0.31 | −0.91 ± 0.30 | −0.92 ± 0.20 |
Morde-auzh | G042112E43216N | 3.07 | −0.50 ± 0.29 | −0.98 ± 0.31 | −0.74 ± 0.16 | −0.43 ± 0.25 | −0.84 ± 0.28 | −0.63 ± 0.16 |
Sopruju Northern | G041588E43250N | 3.06 | −0.44 ± 0.31 | −0.95 ± 0.31 | −0.70 ± 0.16 | −0.37 ± 0.27 | −0.81 ± 0.28 | −0.59 ± 0.15 |
Kashkatash | G042693E43189N | 3.05 | −0.18 ± 0.34 | −0.79 ± 0.32 | −0.48 ± 0.17 | −0.15 ± 0.29 | −0.67 ± 0.29 | −0.41 ± 0.16 |
Donguz_Orun | G042509E43213N | 3.01 | −0.18 ± 0.38 | −0.74 ± 0.37 | −0.46 ± 0.19 | −0.15 ± 0.32 | −0.63 ± 0.32 | −0.39 ± 0.17 |
Gvandra | G042078E43218N | 2.95 | −0.50 ± 0.29 | −1.00 ± 0.34 | −0.75 ± 0.18 | −0.43 ± 0.26 | −0.85 ± 0.31 | −0.64 ± 0.17 |
Ushba Northern | G042613E43151N | 2.89 | 0.06 ± 0.32 | −0.80 ± 0.32 | −0.37 ± 0.17 | 0.05 ± 0.27 | −0.68 ± 0.28 | −0.31 ± 0.15 |
Marukhi Northern | G041420E43362N | 2.82 | −0.52 ± 0.50 | −1.60 ± 0.50 | −1.06 ± 0.24 | −0.44 ± 0.43 | −1.36 ± 0.45 | −0.90 ± 0.23 |
Lakra | G042468E43152N | 2.69 | −0.38 ± 0.32 | −1.27 ± 0.32 | −0.82 ± 0.16 | −0.32 ± 0.27 | −1.08 ± 0.30 | −0.70 ± 0.17 |
Shtulu Eastern | G043395E42903N | 2.67 | −0.61 ± 0.34 | −0.63 ± 0.33 | −0.62 ± 0.19 | −0.52 ± 0.29 | −0.54 ± 0.29 | −0.53 ± 0.17 |
Chalinginitsete | G043785E42817N | 2.65 | −1.01 ± 0.35 | −1.03 ± 0.34 | −1.02 ± 0.19 | −0.86 ± 0.32 | −0.87 ± 0.31 | −0.87 ± 0.20 |
Tebulo | G045335E42577N | 2.62 | −0.25 ± 0.33 | −0.25 ± 0.34 | −0.25 ± 0.19 | −0.21 ± 0.28 | −0.21 ± 0.29 | −0.21 ± 0.16 |
Tiutiurgy | G043081E43122N | 2.62 | −0.16 ± 0.34 | −0.61 ± 0.34 | −0.38 ± 0.19 | −0.14 ± 0.29 | −0.52 ± 0.30 | −0.33 ± 0.16 |
Dvuyazichniy | G041519E43299N | 2.62 | −0.68 ± 0.31 | −1.05 ± 0.31 | −0.86 ± 0.16 | −0.58 ± 0.27 | −0.89 ± 0.28 | −0.73 ± 0.15 |
Kichkinekol Boshoy | G042177E43228N | 2.60 | −0.69 ± 0.33 | −0.99 ± 0.34 | −0.84 ± 0.18 | −0.59 ± 0.29 | −0.84 ± 0.32 | −0.71 ± 0.18 |
Ezengi | G042534E43202N | 2.59 | −0.02 ± 0.32 | −1.13 ± 0.30 | −0.58 ± 0.16 | −0.02 ± 0.27 | −0.96 ± 0.29 | −0.49 ± 0.16 |
Tiutiu | G042879E43260N | 2.56 | −0.29 ± 0.71 | −0.73 ± 0.70 | −0.51 ± 0.36 | −0.24 ± 0.60 | −0.62 ± 0.61 | −0.43 ± 0.31 |
Kolka | G044447E42733N | 2.51 | −0.83 ± 0.38 | 0.53 ± 0.35 | −0.15 ± 0.19 | −0.71 ± 0.34 | 0.45 ± 0.30 | −0.13 ± 0.16 |
Nakhagibita | G043451E42962N | 2.49 | 0.00 ± 0.35 | −0.92 ± 0.34 | −0.46 ± 0.19 | 0.00 ± 0.30 | −0.78 ± 0.30 | −0.39 ± 0.17 |
Karaugom | G043704E42797N | 2.48 | −0.78 ± 0.37 | −0.41 ± 0.35 | −0.59 ± 0.20 | −0.66 ± 0.32 | −0.35 ± 0.30 | −0.50 ± 0.18 |
Zopkhito | G043422E42884N | 2.45 | −0.48 ± 0.35 | −0.85 ± 0.34 | −0.67 ± 0.20 | −0.41 ± 0.30 | −0.72 ± 0.30 | −0.57 ± 0.18 |
Lailchala | G042581E42915N | 2.38 | −0.07 ± 0.33 | −0.93 ± 0.32 | −0.50 ± 0.17 | −0.06 ± 0.28 | −0.79 ± 0.29 | −0.42 ± 0.15 |
Kharikhra | G042093E43100N | 2.36 | −0.42 ± 0.30 | −0.47 ± 0.31 | −0.45 ± 0.16 | −0.36 ± 0.26 | −0.40 ± 0.27 | −0.38 ± 0.14 |
Garabashi | G042470E43302N | 2.33 | −0.45 ± 0.31 | −0.61 ± 0.31 | −0.53 ± 0.16 | −0.38 ± 0.27 | −0.52 ± 0.27 | −0.45 ± 0.15 |
Mna | G044483E42698N | 2.32 | 0.26 ± 0.34 | −0.54 ± 0.34 | −0.14 ± 0.18 | 0.22 ± 0.29 | −0.46 ± 0.29 | −0.12 ± 0.15 |
Namkvami | G043128E42966N | 2.29 | −0.53 ± 0.35 | −0.15 ± 0.38 | −0.34 ± 0.20 | −0.45 ± 0.30 | −0.12 ± 0.32 | −0.29 ± 0.18 |
Koruldashi | G043157E42956N | 2.29 | −0.38 ± 0.36 | −0.51 ± 0.39 | −0.44 ± 0.21 | −0.32 ± 0.31 | −0.43 ± 0.34 | −0.37 ± 0.19 |
Agbek | G041673E43238N | 2.28 | −0.72 ± 0.34 | −0.82 ± 0.33 | −0.77 ± 0.17 | −0.61 ± 0.30 | −0.70 ± 0.30 | −0.65 ± 0.18 |
Shdavleri | G042337E43141N | 2.28 | −0.46 ± 0.32 | −0.81 ± 0.32 | −0.63 ± 0.17 | −0.39 ± 0.28 | −0.69 ± 0.28 | −0.54 ± 0.16 |
Iriti | G042877E43141N | 2.27 | 0.12 ± 0.42 | −0.93 ± 0.40 | −0.40 ± 0.21 | 0.10 ± 0.35 | −0.79 ± 0.35 | −0.34 ± 0.18 |
Djankuat | G042766E43192N | 2.23 | −0.47 ± 0.34 | −1.31 ± 0.30 | −0.89 ± 0.17 | −0.40 ± 0.30 | −1.11 ± 0.29 | −0.76 ± 0.17 |
Khakel | G041843E43225N | 2.22 | −0.77 ± 0.30 | −1.71 ± 0.31 | −1.24 ± 0.16 | −0.66 ± 0.28 | −1.45 ± 0.34 | −1.06 ± 0.20 |
Rtsivashki | G043434E42978N | 2.13 | −0.46 ± 0.36 | −0.54 ± 0.35 | −0.50 ± 0.19 | −0.39 ± 0.31 | −0.46 ± 0.30 | −0.42 ± 0.17 |
Khasankoi-siuriulgen | G042386E43249N | 2.08 | −0.71 ± 0.32 | −1.20 ± 0.31 | −0.96 ± 0.16 | −0.61 ± 0.28 | −1.02 ± 0.29 | −0.81 ± 0.17 |
Murkvami | G042813E43111N | 2.08 | −0.37 ± 0.35 | −0.50 ± 0.32 | −0.44 ± 0.18 | −0.32 ± 0.30 | −0.43 ± 0.28 | −0.37 ± 0.16 |
Suatisi Central | G044416E42704N | 2.07 | 0.41 ± 0.36 | −0.75 ± 0.35 | −0.17 ± 0.19 | 0.35 ± 0.31 | −0.64 ± 0.31 | −0.15 ± 0.16 |
Phastagtsete | G043655E42811N | 2.06 | −1.21 ± 0.37 | −1.17 ± 0.36 | −1.19 ± 0.20 | −1.03 ± 0.35 | −1.00 ± 0.34 | −1.01 ± 0.23 |
Bulungy | G043105E43134N | 2.02 | −0.38 ± 0.34 | −0.50 ± 0.39 | −0.44 ± 0.21 | −0.32 ± 0.29 | −0.43 ± 0.34 | −0.37 ± 0.19 |
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Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Terskol | ||||||||||||
2000–2009 | −8.6 | −7.3 | −3.3 | 1.2 | 6.4 | 10.2 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 8.5 | 4.0 | −2.1 | −6.4 |
2010–2018 | −6.7 | −5.4 | −2.1 | 2.0 | 7.5 | 11.1 | 13.4 | 12.9 | 9.2 | 3.8 | −1.8 | −5.1 |
Change | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | −0.2 | 0.3 | 1.3 |
Mestia | ||||||||||||
2000–2009 | −5.9 | −3.3 | 0.1 | 5.4 | 10.4 | 13.7 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 12.6 | 8.1 | 1.3 | −4.0 |
2010–2015 | −3.7 | −2.6 | 0.7 | 5.6 | 11.5 | 14.9 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 13.2 | 7.6 | 2.7 | −2.9 |
Change | 2.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | −0.5 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Terskol | ||||||||||||
2000–2009 | 530.1 | 692.7 | 1144.9 | 1005.2 | 1019.2 | 994.9 | 1089.0 | 929.7 | 1063.2 | 1167.4 | 807.0 | 568.0 |
2010–2017 | 584.4 | 211.1 | 531.2 | 815.6 | 834.1 | 735.4 | 738.8 | 810.9 | 798.2 | 794.4 | 331.1 | 413.0 |
Change | 54.3 | −481.6 | −613.7 | −189.6 | −185.1 | −259.5 | −350.2 | −118.8 | −265.0 | −373.0 | −475.9 | −155.0 |
Mestia | ||||||||||||
2000–2009 | 623 | 833.5 | 1150.8 | 1030.9 | 1058.2 | 974.7 | 927.8 | 945 | 930.2 | 1145.9 | 714.6 | 725.7 |
2010–2014 | 279.5 | 386.4 | 462.5 | 441.8 | 548.9 | 634.4 | 518.4 | 478.3 | 608.1 | 800.8 | 276.4 | 172.4 |
Change | −343.5 | −447.1 | −688.3 | −589.1 | −509.3 | −340.3 | −409.4 | −466.7 | −322.1 | −345.1 | −438.2 | −553.3 |
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Tielidze, L.G.; Jomelli, V.; Nosenko, G.A. Analysis of Regional Changes in Geodetic Mass Balance for All Caucasus Glaciers over the Past Two Decades. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020256
Tielidze LG, Jomelli V, Nosenko GA. Analysis of Regional Changes in Geodetic Mass Balance for All Caucasus Glaciers over the Past Two Decades. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(2):256. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020256
Chicago/Turabian StyleTielidze, Levan G., Vincent Jomelli, and Gennady A. Nosenko. 2022. "Analysis of Regional Changes in Geodetic Mass Balance for All Caucasus Glaciers over the Past Two Decades" Atmosphere 13, no. 2: 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020256