Coarse Technogenic Material in Urban Surface Deposited Sediments (USDS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Description of the Studied Cities
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Particle Size Analysis
2.4. Mineral Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
- -
- the errors of the operator in identifying the particle type;
- -
- particle loss in particle size analysis under water washing and decantation;
- -
- counting errors in the analysis of heavy mineral concentrate;
- -
- the location of sampling sites in residential blocks far from roads, etc.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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City, Population, Million People/Cars per 1000 People/City Area (km2) | Geographic and Climatic Zone, Average Temperature, °C, Jan/Jul | Geological Features [47] | Main Industries |
---|---|---|---|
Ufa, 1.1/278/707.9 | Forest-steppe zone, temperate continental climate, −12.4/19.7 | Volga-Ural Anteclise, Verkhnekamsk basin; gypsum, anhydrite, sandstone, marl, siltstone, dolomite, Pre-Jurassic limestones; alluvium, colluvium, diluvium, sandstones, sandy loams, loams, Upper Pliocene and Holocene clays. | Oil processing, oil chemical industry, machinery |
Perm, 1.007/237/803 | Forest zone, temperate continental climate, −12.8/18.6 | East of the European part of Russia, banks of the Kama River. Pre-Ural geomorphological zone, Kungurian stage, Irvinskaya and Fillipovskaya formations of the Pre-Jurassic: gypsum, sandstone, limestones, dolomites, marls; clays, loam and sandy loam of Holocene alluvial, eluvial and diluvial sediments. | Electric power industry, oil and gas processing, machinery, chemistry and petrochemistry, woodworking. |
Tyumen, 0.77/363/698.5 | Western Siberia, forest taiga zone with waterlogged areas, temperate continental climate, −15/18.8 | West Siberian plain, Tyumen downwarp; diorites and gabbros of the Pre-Jurassicformations; loams, clays, silts and lake-alluvium of the Upper Pliocene and Holocene. | Oil processing, gas-fired power plants |
Chelyabinsk, 1.2/269/530 | The South Urals, forest-steppe zone, temperate climate, −14.1/19.3 | East Urals uplift and West Side of West Siberian plate; granites, diorites, coals, limestones, sandstones, dolomitic limestones of the Pre-Jurassic formations; sands, siltstones, loams, alluvial sediments of floodplain terraces, pebbles, gravels, and eluvial-diluvial sediments of the Upper Pliocene and Holocene. | Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, machinery, coal-fired power plants |
Nizhniy Tagil, 0.36/240/297.5 | The Middle Urals, mountain-forest zone, temperate continental climate, −14.5/17.8 | Middle Urals, Tagil megazone; harzburgites, serpentinites, basalts, green schists, mica-quartz and graphite-quartz schists, diorites, gabbros, andesites, dacites of the Pre-Jurassic formations; eluvial and diluvial sediments, clays, sandy loams, alluvial sediments of floodplain terraces, pebbles, sands, and loams of the Upper Pliocene and Holocene. | Ferrous and nonferous metallurgy, coking, machinery, chemical industry, production of building materials |
Magnitogorsk, 0.42/297/392.4 | The South Urals, steppe zone, harsh continental climate, −14.1/19.2 | South Urals, West Magnitogorsk zone; trachibasalts, trachiriolites, basalts, andesites, rhyodacites, lavas, and clastolavas of the Prejurasic formations; alluvial sediments of floodplains, clays, sands, peat, diluvial sediments, eluvial-diluvial sediments, and limes of the Upper Pliocene and Holocene. | Ferrous metallurgy, metal processing, gas-fired power plant |
Nizhniy Novgorod, 1.3/276/460 | Broad-leaved forests, mixed forests and taiga zone, humid continental climate, −8.9/19.4 | Volga-Ural Anteclise, Pre-Quarternary clays with interbeds of siltstone, sand with gravel of sedimentary rocks, siltstone, loam, marl, gypsum, limestones, and dolomites; alluvial sediments, sands with gravel, loam, clay, eluvial and solifluction formations, sand, eluvial and diluvial Holocene formations. | Machinery, river shipping |
Rostov-on-Don, 1.1/285/354 | Steppe zone, temperate continental climate, −3/23.4 | East European plate, Rostov ledge; sands, clays, gravel, and pebbles of the Lower Pliocene;limestones, shells, siltstones, and marls of the Upper Miocene; alluvium floodplain terraces, sands, pebbles, loams, sandy loam, eluvial and proluvial sediments of the Upper Pliocene and Holocene. | Machinery, river shipping, food industry |
Murmansk, 303.8/321/154.4 | Arctic tundra zone, atlantic-arctic temperate climate, −10.1/12.8 | Murmansk megablock represented by Archean granitoids. Pyroxene diorites, tonalites-plagiogranites, magmatite-plagiogranite amphibole, metamorphosed gabbros, diorites, granites, gneisses, biotite amphibolites, magnetite quartzites of the Pre-Jurassic. Declivial marine sediments: sandy silts, mixed-grained sands. | Machinery, shipping, metalworking, food industry, coal-fired power plant |
Ekaterinburg, 1.387/302/486 | The Middle Urals, forest zone, temperate continental climate, −12.6/19 | Middle Urals, low mountains and hilly plains along the Iset River. Serpentinites, granites, gabbro, diorites, tuffs, tuff sandstones, siliceous and carbonaceous-siliceous shale, quartzite of the Pre-Jurassic; eluvial and diluvial sediments, clays, loams, alluvial sediments of floodplain terraces of the Holocene. | Metal processing, machinery, gas-fired power plant |
City | Number of Samples for Particle Size Analysis | Number of Obtained Particle Size Subsamples, in Which Technogenic Particles Were Selected * | |
---|---|---|---|
Fraction 0.1–0.25 mm | Fraction 0.25–1 mm | ||
Ekaterinburg | 6 | 5 | 6 |
Magnitogorsk | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Murmansk | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Nizhniy Novgorod | 8 | 8 | 7 |
Nizhniy Tagil | 11 | 11 | 11 |
Perm | 5 | 5 | 3 |
Rostov-on-Don | 9 | 7 | 9 |
Tyumen | 7 | 7 | 5 |
Ufa | 12 | 12 | 10 |
Chelyabinsk | 10 | 10 | 9 |
City | Particle Size Fraction, mm | Kurtosis | Skewness | Coefficient of Variation, % | Min/Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tyumen | 0.1–0.25 | −0.79 | −0.87 | 19.01 | 0.09/0.15 |
0.25–1 | 4.51 | 2.09 | 129.91 | 0.01/0.31 | |
Magnitogorsk | 0.1–0.25 | 0.30 | 1.08 | 11.94 | 0.21/0.29 |
0.25–1 | −1.11 | −0.62 | 41.88 | 0.04/0.2 | |
Perm | 0.1–0.25 | 0.90 | 0.97 | 6.61 | 0.09/0.11 |
0.25–1 | 0.00 | 1.24 | 53.83 | 0.04/0.11 | |
Chelyabinsk | 0.1–0.25 | 5.41 | 2.10 | 18.12 | 0.2/0.36 |
0.25–1 | 0.40 | −0.72 | 32.88 | 0.04/0.14 | |
Ufa | 0.1–0.25 | 1.18 | −0.94 | 19.11 | 0.1/0.23 |
0.25–1 | 0.82 | 0.76 | 46.81 | 0.04/0.24 | |
Nizhniy Tagil | 0.1–0.25 | 0.04 | 0.93 | 24.75 | 0.15/0.31 |
0.25–1 | −1.23 | −0.09 | 37.83 | 0.06/0.22 | |
Rostov-on-Don | 0.1–0.25 | −0.80 | 1.22 | 39.36 | 0.19/0.43 |
0.25–1 | −1.19 | 0.29 | 9.33 | 0.17/0.23 | |
Nizhniy Novgorod | 0.1–0.25 | 1.12 | −1.37 | 11.72 | 0.15/0.22 |
0.25–1 | 0.80 | −1.30 | 8.18 | 0.19/0.24 | |
Murmansk | 0.1–0.25 | 0.02 | −0.62 | 11.66 | 0.12/0.18 |
0.25–1 | 3.25 | 1.38 | 6.85 | 0.17/0.21 | |
Ekaterinburg | 0.1–0.25 | −2.01 | −0.40 | 6.75 | 0.2/0.24 |
0.25–1 | −2.52 | 0.15 | 4.82 | 0.23/0.25 |
City | Curtosis | Skewness | Coefficient of Variation, % | Min/Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tyumen | 3.40 | 1.40 | 69.04 | 0.01/0.31 |
Magnitogorsk | 0.15 | −0.78 | 35.91 | 0.04/0.29 |
Perm | 0.67 | −1.38 | 29.70 | 0.04/0.11 |
Chelyabinsk | −0.52 | 0.22 | 47.70 | 0.04/0.36 |
Ufa | −0.73 | −0.41 | 35.72 | 0.04/0.24 |
Nizhniy Tagil | 0.25 | 0.18 | 35.57 | 0.06/0.31 |
Rostov-on-Don | 4.38 | 2.33 | 32.83 | 0.17/0.43 |
Nizhniy Novgorod | 0.93 | −0.97 | 11.65 | 0.15/0.24 |
Murmansk | 0.37 | −0.36 | 13.52 | 0.12/0.21 |
Ekaterinburg | −0.04 | −0.43 | 6.94 | 0.2/0.25 |
Type of Particle | Elements | Composition, Mass Portion of Element, % |
---|---|---|
Lithoid slag | major | O (31%), Si (21%), C (15%), Fe (10%), Ca (9%), Al (6%), |
impurities | Mg (3%), Na (3%), K (2%) | |
Granulated slag | major | O (39%), Si (18%), Fe (15%), Ca (9%), |
impurities | Mg (4%), Al (4%), C (2%), Ti (1%), S (1%), K (1%) | |
Iron microsphere (magnetic) | major | Fe (69%), O (24%), |
impurities | Si (2%), Ca (1%) | |
Silicate microsphere | major | O (39%), Si (23%), Ca (12%), Fe (8%), Mg (5%), |
impurities | Al (4%), Na (2%), Cu (2%) | |
Brick | major | O (35%), Si (22%), Fe (17%), Ca (11%), |
impurities | K (3%), Al (3%), Na (2%), Ti (2%), C (2%) | |
Paint | major | O (39%), Ca (15%), Fe (14%), Si (13%), Pb (5%), |
impurities | Ti (4%), Mg (3%), Al (3%), K (1%), C (1%), Cr (1%) | |
Glass | major | O (35%), Si (28%), Fe (9%), Ca (8%), |
impurities | Al (4%), Cu (3%), Mg (2%), Na (2%), K (1%), Cr (1%) | |
Plaster fragment | major | O (36%), Ca (29%), Si (11%), Fe (6%), C (6%), |
impurities | Mg (3%), Al (3%), Na (1%), S (1%), K (1%), Cr (1%) | |
White-coated plaster | major | Ti (46%), O (18%), Ca (15%), Cu (11%), |
impurities | Ba (3%), Fe (1%), Al (1%), S (1%) | |
Paint coated plaster | major | Ca (55%), O (30%), |
impurities | Si (3%), Ti (3%), C (3%), Fe (2%), Al (1%), Pb (1%) |
Type of Particle | Morphological Features | Size, mm | Possible Origin |
---|---|---|---|
Granulated slag | Glassy structure, shell-like breakage, poorly rounded, black, dark brown, dark green, grey, light yellow or colorless, transparent or translucent | 0.3–1 | Metallurgy |
Lithoid (stone-like) slag | Stone-shaped particles, with a porous structure, crystallized, medium rounded, grey, dark brown, dark green, translucent or opaque | 0.3–1 | Metallurgy |
Iron microsphere (magnetic) | Spheres, with a smooth or polygonal textured surface, steel-grey, often with thin films of iron oxides, opaque | 0.1–1 | Metallurgy |
Silicate microsphere | Spheres, sometimes slightly flattened or deformed; the surface is corroded, with cavities and visible cracks; black, dark brown; opaque or colorless translucent with a strong glassy luster | 0.45–1 | Combustion of high ash raw material |
Brick | Well or completely rounded debris (quartz, clay material, whitewash); red-brown, dark red with inclusions, opaque | 0.5–1 | Construction materials |
Plaster | Thin, flattened particles, highly fragile; light grey, white, opaque, matt | 0.5–0.8 | Construction materials |
Glass | Glassy, poorly or perfectly rounded; colorless, yellow, blue, green, transparent | 0.5–1 | Household waste |
Paint | Thin, flattened, elastic particles; yellow, red, blue, green, with a matt or shiny surface | 0.25–1 | Construction materials |
Car tires | Smooth particles, high elasticity; black, opaque, matt | 200–1000 | Automobile nonexhaust emissions |
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Seleznev, A.; Ilgasheva, E.; Yarmoshenko, I.; Malinovsky, G. Coarse Technogenic Material in Urban Surface Deposited Sediments (USDS). Atmosphere 2021, 12, 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060754
Seleznev A, Ilgasheva E, Yarmoshenko I, Malinovsky G. Coarse Technogenic Material in Urban Surface Deposited Sediments (USDS). Atmosphere. 2021; 12(6):754. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060754
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeleznev, Andrian, Ekaterina Ilgasheva, Ilia Yarmoshenko, and Georgy Malinovsky. 2021. "Coarse Technogenic Material in Urban Surface Deposited Sediments (USDS)" Atmosphere 12, no. 6: 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060754