Five Years of Spatially Resolved Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Measurements of Nitrogen Dioxide in the Urban Area of Athens: Synergies with In Situ Measurements and Model Simulations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. The MAX-DOAS System
2.2. Model Simulations
2.3. In Situ NO2 Monitors
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparisons with In Situ Observations
3.2. Annual Cycles and Spatial Variability
3.3. Vertical Changes in Diurnal Variation
3.4. Contribution of Urban Sources
4. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MAX-DOAS | North Section (303.75°–56.25°) | South Section (123.75°–236.25°) | East Section (56.25°–123.75°) | West Section (236.25°–303.75°) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
In Situ | |||||
urban | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.46 | |
urban | |||||
urban | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.31 | 0.40 | |
urban background | |||||
remote | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.29 | |
suburban |
Sites | Mean In Situ NO2 Measurements (μg m−3) | Mean MAX-DOAS NO2 Measurements (molec cm−2) | Mean Model NO2 Simulations (μg m−3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
October 2012– July 2017 | Cold Period (Nov–Mar) | Warm Period (Apr–Oct) | October 2012– July 2017 | Cold Period (Nov–Mar) | Warm Period (Apr–Oct) | January 2016– June 2016 | |
Urban | 66.04 | 59.43 | 70.22 | 7.73 × 1016 | 8.22 × 1016 | 7.33 × 1016 | 71.10 MB = −13.6 Norm. MAE = 25% FAC2 = 97% |
Urban background | 27.13 | 30.89 | 24.29 | - | - | - | 51.30 MB = 22.9 Norm. MAE = 103% FAC2 = 59% |
Suburban background/Remote | 18.99 | 21.12 | 17.44 | 3.68 × 1016 | 4.40 × 1016 | 3.11 × 1016 | 22.3 MB = −15.7 Norm. MAE = 43% FAC2 = 58% |
Sites | Winter (December–February) | Summer (June–August) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weekdays molec cm−2 | Sundays molec cm−2 | Contribution % | Weekdays molec cm−2 | Sundays molec cm−2 | Contribution % | |
Urban | 9.04 ×1016 | 6.68 × 1016 | 26.1 | 5.94 × 1016 | 4.58 × 1016 | 22.9 |
Remote | 4.94 ×1016 | 3.64 × 1016 | 26.3 | 2.25 × 1016 | 1.83 × 1016 | 18.7 |
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Gratsea, M.; Athanasopoulou, E.; Kakouri, A.; Richter, A.; Seyler, A.; Gerasopoulos, E. Five Years of Spatially Resolved Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Measurements of Nitrogen Dioxide in the Urban Area of Athens: Synergies with In Situ Measurements and Model Simulations. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121634
Gratsea M, Athanasopoulou E, Kakouri A, Richter A, Seyler A, Gerasopoulos E. Five Years of Spatially Resolved Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Measurements of Nitrogen Dioxide in the Urban Area of Athens: Synergies with In Situ Measurements and Model Simulations. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(12):1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121634
Chicago/Turabian StyleGratsea, Myrto, Eleni Athanasopoulou, Anastasia Kakouri, Andreas Richter, Andre Seyler, and Evangelos Gerasopoulos. 2021. "Five Years of Spatially Resolved Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Measurements of Nitrogen Dioxide in the Urban Area of Athens: Synergies with In Situ Measurements and Model Simulations" Atmosphere 12, no. 12: 1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121634