An Inter-Comparison of the Holiday Climate Index (HCI:Beach) and the Tourism Climate Index (TCI) to Explain Canadian Tourism Arrivals to the Caribbean
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Evolution of Climate Indices for Tourism
3. Design of the HCI:Beach
4. Methods
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Region | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation | Sun/Cloud Conditions | Wind (km h−1) | Source | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ideal | Unacceptable | Ideal | Unacceptable | Ideal | Unacceptable | Ideal | Unacceptable | ||
Canada (a) New Zealand (a) Sweden (a) | 27 25 29 | - | - | - | 25% cloud - 0% | - | 1–9 | - | Scott et al. (2008) [23] |
Belgium (b) | 28 | - | - | - | >8 h sun 0% cloud | - | 1–9 | - | Moreno (2010) [35] |
Europe (b) | 27–32 | <22; >37 | 0 h | ≥2 h | 25% cloud | ≥75% cloud | 1–9 | ≥41 | Rutty & Scott (2010) [24] |
Germany (b,c) | 27–32 25–32 | <22; >36 <22; >34 | 0 h | ≥2.5 h | 25% cloud | ≥75% cloud | 1–9 | ≥41 | Wirth (2010) [36] |
Caribbean (b) | 27–30 | <23; >34 | <15 min | ≥2 h | 25% cloud | ≥75% cloud | 1–9 | ≥41 | Rutty & Scott (2013) [18] |
Temperate | 27–30 | <23; >34 | <15min | ≥2 h | 25% cloud | ≥75% cloud | 1–9 | ≥41 | |
Tropical | 30 | <22; >35 | 0 h | ≥5 h | 25% cloud | 100% cloud | 1–9 | ≥41 | |
Canada (b) | 27–30 | <21; >33 | <15 min | ≥2 h | 25% cloud | ≥75% cloud | 1–9 | ≥41 | Rutty & Scott (2015) [25] |
United States (b) | 28 | >37 | <5 min | ≥2 h | 29% cloud | ≥70% cloud | 21 | ≥57 | Atzori et al. (2018) [37] |
Greece (b) | 28-32 | <22; >39 | 0 h | ≥2.5 h | 25% cloud | ≥75% cloud | 1–9 | - | Georgopoulou et al. (2019) [26] |
Index Component | Weather Variables | TCI [22] | HCI:Urban [19] | HCI:Beach [18] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Thermal comfort (TC) | Temp & Relative Humidity | 50% * | 40% | 20% |
Aesthetic (A) | Cloud cover (%) | 20% | 20% | 40% |
Precipitation (P) | Total precipitation (mm) | 20% | 30% | 30% |
Wind (W) | Mean wind speeds (km/hr) | 10% | 10% | 10% |
Overall index score range | −30 to 100 | 0 to 100 | 0 to 100 |
TCI | HCI:Urban | HCI:Beach | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rating | THumidex (°C) | THumidex (°C) | Rating | THumidex (°C) | Rating |
0 | ≥36.0 | ≥39.0 | 0 | ≥39.0 | 0 |
37.0–38.9 | 2 | 38.0–38.9 | 2 | ||
1 | 35.0–35.9 | 37.0–37.9 | 4 | ||
2 | 34.0–34.9 | 35.0–36.9 | 4 | 36.0–36.9 | 5 |
3 | 33.0–33.9 | 35.0–35.9 | 6 | ||
4 | 32.0–32.9 | 33.0–34.9 | 5 | 34.0–34.9 | 7 |
5 | 31.0–31.9 | 31.0–32.9 | 6 | 33.0–33.9 | 8 |
6 | 30.0–30.9 | 29.0–30.9 | 7 | 31.0–32.9 | 9 |
7 | 29.0–29.9 | 27.0–28.9 | 8 | 28.0–30.9 | 10 |
8 | 28.0–28.9 | 26.0–26.9 | 9 | 26.0–27.9 | 9 |
9 | 27.0–27.9 | 23.0–25.9 | 10 | 23.0–25.9 | 7 |
10 | 20.0–26.9 | 20.0–22.9 | 9 | 22.0–22.9 | 6 |
9 | 19.0–19.9 | 21.0–21.9 | 5 | ||
8 | 18.0–18.9 | 18.0–19.9 | 7 | 20.0–20.9 | 4 |
7 | 17.0–17.9 | 15.0–17.9 | 6 | 19.0–19.9 | 3 |
6 | 16.0–16.9 | 11.0–14.9 | 5 | ||
5 | 10.0–15.9 | 7.0–10.9 | 4 | 18.0–18.9 | 2 |
4 | 5.0–9.9 | 0–6.9 | 3 | 17.0–17.9 | 1 |
3 | 0.0–4.9 | 15.0–16.9 | 0 | ||
2 | −0.1–−5.9 | −0.1–−5.9 | 2 | 10.0–14.9 | -5 |
0 | −6.0–−10.9 | ≤−6.0 | 1 | ≤9.9 | -10 |
−1 | −11.0–−15.9 | ||||
−2 | −16.0–−20.9 | ||||
−6 | ≤−21.0 |
TCI | HCI:Urban | HCI:Beach | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rating | S-hours | CC (%) * | CC (%) | Rating | CC (%) | Rating |
10 | 10 | 0.0–16.6 | 0.0–0.9 | 8 | 0–0.9 | 8 |
9 | 9 | 16.7–24.9 | 1.0–9.9 | 9 | 1.0–14.9 | 9 |
8 | 8 | 25.0–33.2 | 11.0–20.9 | 10 | 15.0–25.9 | 10 |
7 | 7 | 33.3–41.6 | 21.0–30.9 | 9 | 26.0–35.9 | 9 |
6 | 6 | 41.7–49.9 | 31.0–40.9 | 8 | 36.0–45.9 | 8 |
5 | 5 | 50.0–58.2 | 41.0–50.9 | 7 | 46.0–55.9 | 7 |
4 | 4 | 58.3–66.6 | 51.0–60.9 | 6 | 56.0–65.9 | 6 |
3 | 3 | 66.7–74.9 | 61.0–70.9 | 5 | 66.0–75.9 | 5 |
2 | 2 | 75.0–83.2 | 71.0–80.9 | 4 | 76.0–85.9 | 4 |
1 | 1 | 83.3–91.6 | 81.0–90.9 | 3 | 86.0–95.9 | 3 |
0 | 0 | ≥91.7 | 91.0–99.9 | 2 | ≥96.0 | 2 |
100.0 | 1 |
TCI | HCI:Urban | HCI:Beach | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rating | Precipitation (mm) | Precipitation (mm) | Rating | Precipitation (mm) | Rating |
10 | 0.00–0.49 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 |
9 | 0.50–0.99 | 0.01–2.99 | 9 | 0.01–2.99 | 9 |
8 | 1.00–1.49 | ||||
7 | 1.50–1.99 | ||||
6 | 2.00–2.49 | ||||
5 | 2.50–2.99 | ||||
4 | 3.00–3.49 | 3.00–5.99 | 8 | 3.00–5.99 | 8 |
3 | 3.50–3.99 | ||||
2 | 4.00–4.49 | ||||
1 | 4.50–4.99 | ||||
0 | ≥5.00 | ||||
6.00–8.99 | 5 | 6.00–8.99 | 6 | ||
9.00–11.99 | 2 | 9.00–11.99 | 4 | ||
12.00–24.99 | 0 | 12.00–24.99 | 0 | ||
≥25.00 | −1 | ≥25.00 | −1 |
TCI | HCI:Urban | HCI:Beach | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind (km/hr) | Normal (<−23.9 °C) | Trade Wind (24–32.9 °C) | Hot Climate (≥33 °C) | Wind (km/hr) | Rating | Wind (km/hr) | Rating |
≤2.88 | 10 | 4 | 4 | =0 | 8 | 0–0.5 | 8 |
2.89–5.75 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 0.1–9.9 | 10 | 0.6–9.9 | 10 |
5.76–9.03 | 8 | 6 | 2 | ||||
9.04–12.23 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 10.0–19.9 | 9 | 10.0–19.9 | 9 |
12.24–19.79 | 6 | 10 | 0 | ||||
19.80–24.29 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 20.0–29.9 | 8 | 20.0–29.9 | 8 |
24.30–28.79 | 4 | 6 | 0 | ||||
28.80–38.51 | 3 | 4 | 0 | ||||
≥38.52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30.0–39.9 | 6 | 30.0–39.9 | 6 |
40.0–49.9 | 3 | 40.0–49.9 | 3 | ||||
50.0–69.9 | 0 | 50.0–69.9 | 0 | ||||
≥70.0 | −10 | ≥70.0 | −10 |
Source Market | TCI | HCI:Urban | HCI:Beach | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antigua and Barbuda | Barbados | Saint Lucia | Antigua and Barbuda | Barbados | Saint Lucia | Antigua and Barbuda | Barbados | Saint Lucia | |
British Columbia | 0.39 | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 0.42 |
Quebec | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.51 | 0.51 |
Prairies | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.44 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.54 |
Ontario | 0.58 | 0.32 | 0.62 | 0.58 | 0.37 | 0.57 | 0.60 | 0.45 | 0.67 |
Alberta | 0.42 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.30 | 0.51 |
Maritimes | 0.48 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.44 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.47 | 0.24 | 0.29 |
Canada Total | 0.57 | 0.41 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.44 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.69 |
Range | Classification | Code |
---|---|---|
<0.20 | =Weak/slight | |
0.20 to 0.39 | =Mild/modest | |
0.40 to 0.59 | =Moderate | |
0.60 to 0.79 | =Moderately strong | |
>0.80 | =Strong |
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Rutty, M.; Scott, D.; Matthews, L.; Burrowes, R.; Trotman, A.; Mahon, R.; Charles, A. An Inter-Comparison of the Holiday Climate Index (HCI:Beach) and the Tourism Climate Index (TCI) to Explain Canadian Tourism Arrivals to the Caribbean. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040412
Rutty M, Scott D, Matthews L, Burrowes R, Trotman A, Mahon R, Charles A. An Inter-Comparison of the Holiday Climate Index (HCI:Beach) and the Tourism Climate Index (TCI) to Explain Canadian Tourism Arrivals to the Caribbean. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(4):412. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040412
Chicago/Turabian StyleRutty, Michelle, Daniel Scott, Lindsay Matthews, Ravidya Burrowes, Adrian Trotman, Roché Mahon, and Amanda Charles. 2020. "An Inter-Comparison of the Holiday Climate Index (HCI:Beach) and the Tourism Climate Index (TCI) to Explain Canadian Tourism Arrivals to the Caribbean" Atmosphere 11, no. 4: 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040412