Assessing the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Data Representation on Weather Forecast Quality: A Case Study in Central Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Methods and Data
3.1. Model Configuration
3.2. Description and Assessment of the Experiments
3.3. Meteorological Data
3.4. LULC Dataset
Changes of LULC
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Near Surface Temperature
4.2. Wind Speed
4.3. Precipitation
4.4. Physical Processes
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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USGS | NALCMS | |
---|---|---|
Sensor | AVHRR | MODIS |
Period of data collection | April 1992–March 1993 | January 2005–December 2005 |
Processing | By continent | 3 regions |
Input data | Monthly NDVI compositions | Different data by country |
Spatial resolution | 1 km | 250 m |
Classification strategy | Unsupervised based on grouping | Supervised with threes C5 (for Mexico) |
Legend system | 24 USGS | 19 LCCS-FAO |
Developers | USGS-IGBP | CCRS, USGS, INEGI, CONABIO, CONAFOR |
Anderson’s Classification Scheme | USGS | NALCMS |
---|---|---|
Urban | Urban and built up land | Urban and built-up |
Agricultural land | Dryland cropland/pasture | Cropland |
Irrigated cropland/pasture | ||
Rangeland | Grassland | Tropical or sub-tropical grassland |
Temperate or sub-polar grassland | ||
Shrubland | Tropical or sub-tropical shrubland | |
Temperate or sub-polar shrubland | ||
Forest | Deciduous broadleaf forest | Tropical or sub-tropical broadleaf deciduous forest |
Temperate or sub-polar broadleaf deciduous forest | ||
Evergreen broadleaf forest | Tropical or sub-tropical broadleaf evergreen forest | |
Evergreen needleleaf forest | Temperate or sub-polar needleleaf evergreen forest | |
Mixed forest | Mixed forest | |
Water | Water bodies | Water |
Barren land | Barren or sparsely vegetated | Barren land |
ID | Station | USGS | NALCMS |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Huimilpan, Qro. | Shrubland | Cropland |
2 | Pachuca, Hgo. | Grassland | Grassland |
3 | Huamantla, Tlax. | Evergreen Needleleaf Forest | Cropland |
4 | Universidad Tecnológica de Tecamachalco, Pue. | Evergreen Needleleaf Forest | Cropland |
5 | Parque-Izta-Popo, Edo. Méx. | Mixed Forest | Evergreen Needleleaf Forest |
6 | Presa Madín, Edo. Méx. | Shrubland | Urban and Built-Up Land |
7 | Cerro Catedral, Edo. Méx. | Shrubland | Evergreen Needleleaf Forest |
8 | Atlacomulco, Edo. Méx. | Shrubland | Cropland |
9 | Nevado de Toluca, Edo. Méx. | Mixed Forest | Evergreen Needleleaf Forest |
10 | Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Mor. | Shrubland | Cropland |
Land Cover Category | Albedo (%) [ALBEDO] | Roughness Length (m) [SFZ0] | Emissivity (% at 9 µ m) [SFEM] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sum | Win | Sum | Win | Sum | Win | |
Urban and Built-Up Land | 15 | 15 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 88 | 88 |
Dryland Cropland and Pasture | 17 | 23 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 98.5 | 92 |
Irrigated Cropland and Pasture | 18 | 23 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 98.5 | 92 |
Grassland | 19 | 23 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 98.5 | 92 |
Shrubland | 22 | 25 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 88 | 88 |
Evergreen Needleleaf Forest | 12 | 12 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 95 | 95 |
Mixed Forest | 13 | 14 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 94 | 94 |
Hourly Precipitation [mm h−1] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24-h | 48-h | 72-h | 96-h | 120-h | ||
July | NALCMS | <1.13 | <1.24 | <1.04 | <0.96 | <0.73 |
USGS | <0.78 | <0.60 | <1.15 | <0.59 | <0.38 | |
September | NALCMS | <1.42 | <1.35 | <1.56 | <0.77 | <1.11 |
USGS | <0.77 | <0.41 | <0.52 | <0.79 | <0.84 |
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López-Espinoza, E.D.; Zavala-Hidalgo, J.; Mahmood, R.; Gómez-Ramos, O. Assessing the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Data Representation on Weather Forecast Quality: A Case Study in Central Mexico. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111242
López-Espinoza ED, Zavala-Hidalgo J, Mahmood R, Gómez-Ramos O. Assessing the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Data Representation on Weather Forecast Quality: A Case Study in Central Mexico. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(11):1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111242
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Espinoza, Erika Danaé, Jorge Zavala-Hidalgo, Rezaul Mahmood, and Octavio Gómez-Ramos. 2020. "Assessing the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Data Representation on Weather Forecast Quality: A Case Study in Central Mexico" Atmosphere 11, no. 11: 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111242