Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: An Old Story with a New End

Neves Rebello Alves, Lyvia; Dummer Meira, Débora; Poppe Merigueti, Luiza; Correia Casotti, Matheus; do Prado Ventorim, Diego; Ferreira Figueiredo Almeida, Jucimara; Pereira de Sousa, Valdemir; Cindra Sant’Ana, Marllon; Gonçalves Coutinho da Cruz, Rahna; Santos Louro, Luana; Mendonça Santana, Gabriel; Erik Santos Louro, Thomas; Evangelista Salazar, Rhana; Ribeiro Campos da Silva, Danielle; Stefani Siqueira Zetum, Aléxia; Silva dos Reis Trabach, Raquel; Imbroisi Valle Errera, Flávia; de Paula, Flávia; de Vargas Wolfgramm dos Santos, Eldamária; Fagundes de Carvalho, Elizeu; Drumond Louro, Iúri

doi:10.3390/genes14071364

Open AccessReview

Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: An Old Story with a New End

by

Lyvia Neves Rebello Alves

^1,2,†

,

Débora Dummer Meira

^1,2,*,†,

Luiza Poppe Merigueti

¹,

Matheus Correia Casotti

^1,2

,

Diego do Prado Ventorim

³,

Jucimara Ferreira Figueiredo Almeida

¹,

Valdemir Pereira de Sousa

^1,2,

Marllon Cindra Sant’Ana

¹

,

Rahna Gonçalves Coutinho da Cruz

¹,

Luana Santos Louro

⁴,

Gabriel Mendonça Santana

⁴,

Thomas Erik Santos Louro

⁵,

Rhana Evangelista Salazar

^1,2,

Danielle Ribeiro Campos da Silva

^1,2,

Aléxia Stefani Siqueira Zetum

^1,2,

Raquel Silva dos Reis Trabach

¹,

Flávia Imbroisi Valle Errera

^1,2,

Flávia de Paula

^1,2,

Eldamária de Vargas Wolfgramm dos Santos

^1,2,

Elizeu Fagundes de Carvalho

⁶ and

Iúri Drumond Louro

^1,2

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¹

Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil

²

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29047-105, ES, Brazil

³

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo (Ifes), Cariacica 29150-410, ES, Brazil

⁴

Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória 29090-040, ES, Brazil

⁵

Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória (EMESCAM), Vitória 29027-502, ES, Brazil

⁶

Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes (IBRAG), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, RJ, Brazil

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Genes 2023, 14(7), 1364; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14071364

Submission received: 25 May 2023 / Revised: 22 June 2023 / Accepted: 26 June 2023 / Published: 28 June 2023

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genotyping and Prognostic Markers in Cancers)

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Abstract

Breast cancer is the second most frequent cancer in the world. It is a heterogeneous disease and the leading cause of cancer mortality in women. Advances in molecular technologies allowed for the identification of new and more specifics biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and risk prediction, enabling personalized treatments, improving therapy, and preventing overtreatment, undertreatment, and incorrect treatment. Several breast cancer biomarkers have been identified and, along with traditional biomarkers, they can assist physicians throughout treatment plan and increase therapy success. Despite the need of more data to improve specificity and determine the real clinical utility of some biomarkers, others are already established and can be used as a guide to make treatment decisions. In this review, we summarize the available traditional, novel, and potential biomarkers while also including gene expression profiles, breast cancer single-cell and polyploid giant cancer cells. We hope to help physicians understand tumor specific characteristics and support decision-making in patient-personalized clinical management, consequently improving treatment outcome.

Keywords: breast cancer; cancer genetics; biomarkers; personalized medicine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Neves Rebello Alves, L.; Dummer Meira, D.; Poppe Merigueti, L.; Correia Casotti, M.; do Prado Ventorim, D.; Ferreira Figueiredo Almeida, J.; Pereira de Sousa, V.; Cindra Sant’Ana, M.; Gonçalves Coutinho da Cruz, R.; Santos Louro, L.; et al. Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: An Old Story with a New End. Genes 2023, 14, 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14071364

AMA Style

Neves Rebello Alves L, Dummer Meira D, Poppe Merigueti L, Correia Casotti M, do Prado Ventorim D, Ferreira Figueiredo Almeida J, Pereira de Sousa V, Cindra Sant’Ana M, Gonçalves Coutinho da Cruz R, Santos Louro L, et al. Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: An Old Story with a New End. Genes. 2023; 14(7):1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14071364

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neves Rebello Alves, Lyvia, Débora Dummer Meira, Luiza Poppe Merigueti, Matheus Correia Casotti, Diego do Prado Ventorim, Jucimara Ferreira Figueiredo Almeida, Valdemir Pereira de Sousa, Marllon Cindra Sant’Ana, Rahna Gonçalves Coutinho da Cruz, Luana Santos Louro, and et al. 2023. "Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: An Old Story with a New End" Genes 14, no. 7: 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14071364

APA Style

Neves Rebello Alves, L., Dummer Meira, D., Poppe Merigueti, L., Correia Casotti, M., do Prado Ventorim, D., Ferreira Figueiredo Almeida, J., Pereira de Sousa, V., Cindra Sant’Ana, M., Gonçalves Coutinho da Cruz, R., Santos Louro, L., Mendonça Santana, G., Erik Santos Louro, T., Evangelista Salazar, R., Ribeiro Campos da Silva, D., Stefani Siqueira Zetum, A., Silva dos Reis Trabach, R., Imbroisi Valle Errera, F., de Paula, F., de Vargas Wolfgramm dos Santos, E., ... Drumond Louro, I. (2023). Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: An Old Story with a New End. Genes, 14(7), 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14071364

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Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: An Old Story with a New End

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