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Volume 11
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10.3390/genes11121492
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Article

Influence of a Major Mountainous Landscape Barrier (Mount Cameroon) on the Spread of Metabolic (GSTe2) and Target-Site (Rdl) Resistance Alleles in the African Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus †

by
Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia
1,2,3,4,*,
Jacob M. Riveron
3,
Flobert Njiokou
1,3,
Samuel Wanji
2,5 and
Charles S. Wondji
3,6,*
1
Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon
2
Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), University of Buea, P.O. Box 474 Buea, Cameroon
3
Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, P.O. Box 13591 Yaoundé, Cameroon
4
Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P.O. Box 13033 Yaoundé, Cameroon
5
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
6
Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L35QA, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
This paper is an extended version of our conference paper: 02 November 2020 by MDPI in 1st International Electronic Conference on Genes: Theoretical and Applied Genomics session Applications of Genomic Technologies, doi:10.3390/IECGE-07150.
Genes 2020, 11(12), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11121492
Received: 6 November 2020 / Revised: 5 December 2020 / Accepted: 8 December 2020 / Published: 11 December 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Population and Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics)
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Abstract

Increased levels of insecticide resistance in major malaria vectors such as Anopheles funestus threaten the effectiveness of insecticide-based control programmes. Understanding the landscape features impacting the spread of resistance makers is necessary to design suitable resistance management strategies. Here, we examined the influence of the highest mountain in West Africa (Mount Cameroon; 4095 m elevation) on the spread of metabolic and target-site resistance alleles in An. funestus populations. Vector composition varied across the four localities surveyed along the altitudinal cline with major vectors exhibiting high parity rate (80.5%). Plasmodium infection rates ranged from 0.79% (An. melas) to 4.67% (An. funestus). High frequencies of GSTe2R (67–81%) and RdlR (49–90%) resistance alleles were observed in An. funestus throughout the study area, with GSTe2R frequency increasing with altitude, whereas the opposite is observed for RdlR. Patterns of genetic diversity and population structure analyses revealed high levels of polymorphisms with 12 and 16 haplotypes respectively for GSTe2 and Rdl. However, the reduced diversity patterns of resistance allele carriers revealed signatures of positive selection on the two genes across the study area irrespective of the altitude. Despite slight variations associated with the altitude, the spread of resistance alleles suggest that control strategies could be implemented against malaria vectors across mountainous landscapes. View Full-Text
Keywords: malaria; Anopheles funestus; insecticide resistance; Mount Cameroon malaria; Anopheles funestus; insecticide resistance; Mount Cameroon
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MDPI and ACS Style

Amvongo-Adjia, N.; Riveron, J.M.; Njiokou, F.; Wanji, S.; Wondji, C.S. Influence of a Major Mountainous Landscape Barrier (Mount Cameroon) on the Spread of Metabolic (GSTe2) and Target-Site (Rdl) Resistance Alleles in the African Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus. Genes 2020, 11, 1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11121492

AMA Style

Amvongo-Adjia N, Riveron JM, Njiokou F, Wanji S, Wondji CS. Influence of a Major Mountainous Landscape Barrier (Mount Cameroon) on the Spread of Metabolic (GSTe2) and Target-Site (Rdl) Resistance Alleles in the African Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus. Genes. 2020; 11(12):1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11121492

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amvongo-Adjia, Nathalie, Jacob M. Riveron, Flobert Njiokou, Samuel Wanji, and Charles S. Wondji. 2020. "Influence of a Major Mountainous Landscape Barrier (Mount Cameroon) on the Spread of Metabolic (GSTe2) and Target-Site (Rdl) Resistance Alleles in the African Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus" Genes 11, no. 12: 1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11121492

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